Growing Papaya Hydroponically: Honest Guide to Challenges, Limitations & Media-Based Solutions (2025)

13 min read January 26, 2026 Water & Irrigation

Meta Description: Learn the reality of hydroponic papaya cultivation – why soil is better, which media-based systems work, and honest economic analysis for ₹8-18 lakh potential returns despite significant challenges.

Table of Contents-

Introduction: The Challenging Reality of Hydroponic Papaya Cultivation

Picture walking through a hydroponic facility where towering papaya trees stretch toward the greenhouse ceiling, their broad leaves creating tropical canopies over developing fruits that, while smaller than their soil-grown counterparts, still command ₹60-150 per kg compared to the ₹25-80/kg that traditional farmers receive – yet this idyllic vision comes with a crucial caveat that every honest agricultural consultant must share: papaya is fundamentally better suited to soil cultivation than hydroponic systems. While some dedicated growers achieve limited success with media-based hydroponic approaches, the reality is that papaya’s deep taproot system, massive size, and tropical growing requirements make it one of the most challenging crops for soilless cultivation.

As someone who’s been working with controlled environment agriculture for over 35 years, I have an obligation to provide you with honest, realistic guidance rather than unrealistic promises. Papaya hydroponics is possible but limited – it requires specialized media-based systems (particularly perlite/coconut coir mixtures), significant investment in infrastructure, and realistic expectations about yields and profitability. While conventional soil-grown papaya can yield 40-80 kg per plant annually, hydroponic papaya typically achieves 15-35 kg per plant with proper management, and even this requires optimal conditions and considerable expertise.

The truth that separates responsible agricultural guidance from misleading marketing is this: if your primary goal is maximum profitability per investment dollar, papaya is not the ideal hydroponic crop. However, if you’re drawn to the challenge, have specific market niches (like premium organic papaya or controlled environment research), or want to push the boundaries of hydroponic cultivation, then understanding the proper media-based approaches can lead to limited but meaningful success.

Ready for an honest assessment of hydroponic papaya cultivation that balances possibility with reality? This comprehensive guide provides the technical knowledge for those determined to attempt this challenging crop while helping you make informed decisions about whether hydroponic papaya aligns with your agricultural goals and investment capacity.

Why Papaya is Challenging for Hydroponic Systems

Natural Growth Characteristics That Conflict with Hydroponics

Papaya evolved as a tropical tree with specific root and growth characteristics that make hydroponic cultivation inherently difficult compared to crops naturally suited to soilless systems.

Challenging Growth Features:

Deep taproot system: Papaya develops a primary taproot extending 1-3 meters deep, seeking deep water sources
Massive plant size: Mature plants reach 3-6 meters height with extensive canopy spread
High water demands: Requires enormous water volumes that strain hydroponic systems
Tropical soil preferences: Naturally grows in deep, well-draining tropical soils
Root zone requirements: Needs extensive root space that hydroponic containers cannot easily provide
Long growing cycle: 12-18 months to first harvest makes system failures costly

Why Soil Excels for Papaya:

Unlimited root expansion: Soil allows natural taproot development
Natural drainage: Well-draining soils provide optimal water/air balance
Microbial symbiosis: Soil microorganisms support papaya root health
Nutrient buffering: Soil provides natural nutrient storage and release
Cost efficiency: Much lower infrastructure costs than hydroponic systems
Proven results: Thousands of years of successful soil cultivation

Limited Success in Hydroponic Systems

While hydroponic papaya cultivation is possible, success rates are significantly lower than soil cultivation, and results are often disappointing compared to other hydroponic crops.

Realistic Success Expectations:

Yield reduction: 40-70% lower yields than soil cultivation
Plant stress: Higher stress levels and increased disease susceptibility
System complexity: Requires sophisticated infrastructure for limited returns
Technical expertise: Demands advanced hydroponic knowledge and experience
Economic challenges: High investment costs for modest returns
Market limitations: Limited premium pricing to offset additional costs

Media-Based Systems: The Only Viable Hydroponic Approach

Why Media-Based Systems Work Better Than Other Hydroponic Methods

For papaya cultivation, media-based systems using perlite/coconut coir mixtures provide the closest approximation to natural soil conditions.

Media System Advantages:

Root space simulation: Large containers with growing media provide more natural root environment
Drainage control: Proper media mixtures simulate well-draining tropical soils
Root support: Media provides physical support for developing root systems
Water buffering: Growing media retains moisture while preventing waterlogging
Microbial activity: Organic media supports beneficial microorganisms
pH buffering: Natural pH stabilization through media interaction

Why Other Hydroponic Systems Fail:

NFT limitations: Channels too small for papaya root development
DWC problems: Standing water causes root rot in papaya
Aeroponic challenges: Misting systems cannot support large tree development
Wick system inadequacy: Insufficient water delivery for large plants
Container restrictions: Most hydroponic containers too small for tree crops

Optimal Media Mixtures for Papaya

Premium Perlite/Coco Mixture (Recommended):

Coconut coir: 50% for moisture retention and organic matter
Perlite: 30% for drainage and aeration
Vermiculite: 10% for nutrient retention
Expanded clay: 10% for additional drainage and support

Alternative Media Combinations:

Economic blend: 60% coco coir + 25% perlite + 15% sand
Drainage-focused: 40% perlite + 40% expanded clay + 20% coco coir
Organic-rich: 55% coco coir + 25% perlite + 20% compost

Container Requirements:

Minimum size: 200-300 liters per plant for adequate root space
Depth: 80-100 cm for taproot accommodation
Width: 80-100 cm diameter for lateral root expansion
Drainage: Excellent drainage with multiple holes and drainage layers

Advanced Nutrient Recipes for Media-Based Papaya

Base Hydroponic Nutrient Formulation for Papaya

Complete Papaya Nutrient Solution (Tree Development Stage)

For 1000 liters of nutrient solution:

Primary Macronutrients:

Calcium Nitrate: 750g (provides 178 ppm N, 225 ppm Ca)
Potassium Nitrate: 600g (provides 58 ppm N, 382 ppm K)
Monopotassium Phosphate (MKP): 250g (provides 58 ppm P, 35 ppm K)
Magnesium Sulfate: 450g (provides 59 ppm Mg, 77 ppm S)

Papaya-Specific Secondary Nutrients:

Potassium Sulfate: 300g (provides 136 ppm K, 68 ppm S) – Critical for fruit development
Calcium Chloride: 100g (provides 37 ppm Ca) – Enhanced tree structure

Tree Crop Micronutrient Mix (per 1000L):

Iron EDTA: 25g (provides 11.5 ppm Fe)
Manganese EDTA: 15g (provides 4.5 ppm Mn)
Zinc EDTA: 6g (provides 1.5 ppm Zn) – Enhanced for tree crops
Copper EDTA: 2.5g (provides 0.5 ppm Cu)
Boric Acid: 5g (provides 0.9 ppm B) – Essential for fruit set
Sodium Molybdate: 0.4g (provides 0.06 ppm Mo)

Target Parameters:

EC: 2.0-2.6 mS/cm
pH: 6.0-6.5
Temperature: 24-30°C
NPK Ratio: 236:58:553 (balanced for tree development and fruiting)

Growth Stage-Specific Nutrient Management

Seedling Establishment (0-6 months)

Gentle nutrition for young plant development:

Establishment Formula:

Use 60% of base formula strength
Focus on balanced nutrition for healthy growth
Target EC: 1.2-1.8 mS/cm
pH: 5.8-6.2

Vegetative Growth Phase (6-12 months)

Build strong tree structure:

Tree Building Formula:

Increase Calcium Nitrate to 850g (202 ppm N)
Moderate fruiting nutrients until tree establishment
Target EC: 1.8-2.4 mS/cm
NPK Ratio: 260:58:417

Flowering and Fruit Development (12+ months)

Support flowering and fruit production:

Fruiting Formula:

Full strength formula with enhanced potassium
Additional Potassium Sulfate: 100g (extra 45 ppm K)
Target EC: 2.2-2.8 mS/cm
Total potassium: 598 ppm for fruit development

Specialized Nutrient Additions

Tree Health Enhancement:

Enhanced calcium: Additional 150g Calcium Chloride for strong tree structure
Micronutrient boost: Higher levels of zinc and manganese for tree health
Organic supplements: Kelp meal extract (10ml/L) and humic acid (4ml/L)

Step-by-Step Growing Guide

System Setup and Media Preparation

Container Preparation:

Size selection: Choose 200-300 liter containers minimum
Drainage installation: Install excellent drainage with multiple layers
Media mixing: Prepare optimal perlite/coco mixture
pH adjustment: Pre-adjust media pH to 6.0-6.5
Sterilization: Optional media sterilization for disease prevention

Infrastructure Requirements:

Support structures: Strong frameworks for large tree support
Irrigation systems: Drip irrigation with multiple emitters per container
Climate control: Greenhouse or shade structure for tropical conditions
Monitoring equipment: pH, EC, and environmental sensors

Plant Selection and Establishment

Variety Selection for Containers:

Solo varieties: Self-pollinating varieties ideal for controlled environments
Dwarf varieties: Compact varieties better suited to container growing
Disease-resistant: Choose varieties with good disease resistance
Market-appropriate: Select varieties matching your target market

Planting Protocol:

Seedling preparation: Use healthy, vigorous seedlings from reputable sources
Transplanting: Gentle transplanting to avoid root damage
Initial care: Provide optimal conditions for establishment
Support installation: Install plant supports early in development
Environmental control: Maintain tropical growing conditions

Ongoing Management

Daily Care:

Irrigation monitoring: Check moisture levels and adjust watering
Environmental control: Maintain optimal temperature and humidity
Plant inspection: Regular inspection for pests, diseases, and growth issues
Support adjustment: Adjust plant supports as trees grow
Nutrient monitoring: Check and maintain proper nutrient levels

Weekly Maintenance:

Nutrient solution changes: Fresh nutrients every 7-14 days
System cleaning: Clean irrigation lines and check equipment
Growth management: Pruning and training as needed
Disease prevention: Maintain optimal conditions and sanitation
Data recording: Track growth, production, and system performance

Challenges and Realistic Solutions

Common Problems in Hydroponic Papaya

Root Development Issues:

Problem: Restricted root growth in containers
Solutions: Use largest possible containers, optimal media mixtures
Prevention: Proper container sizing and media selection from start

Plant Size Management:

Problem: Trees becoming too large for greenhouse structures
Solutions: Regular pruning, dwarf varieties, height management
Prevention: Choose appropriate varieties and plan for tree size

Fruit Production Challenges:

Problem: Lower yields than soil cultivation
Solutions: Optimal nutrition, pollination management, realistic expectations
Acceptance: Understand that yields will be reduced in hydroponic systems

Economic Viability:

Problem: High costs relative to modest returns
Solutions: Premium market positioning, efficient operations
Reality check: May not be most profitable hydroponic crop choice

Disease and Pest Management

Root Health Issues:

Prevention: Excellent drainage, proper media, optimal nutrition
Treatment: Improve growing conditions, beneficial microorganisms
Monitoring: Regular inspection of root health and growing conditions

Foliar Diseases:

Prevention: Good air circulation, humidity control, plant spacing
Treatment: Organic fungicides, improved environmental control
Management: Regular monitoring and early intervention

Economic Analysis and Realistic Returns

Investment Requirements

Small-Scale Setup (10-20 plants):

Containers and media: ₹80,000-1.5 lakh
Irrigation systems: ₹40,000-80,000
Support structures: ₹60,000-1.2 lakh
Environmental control: ₹80,000-1.5 lakh
Initial supplies: ₹20,000-40,000
Total investment: ₹2.8-5.3 lakh

Medium Commercial Setup (50-100 plants):

Complete system infrastructure: ₹8-15 lakh
Climate control facilities: ₹5-10 lakh
Support and handling systems: ₹3-6 lakh
Annual operating costs: ₹3-6 lakh
Total initial investment: ₹16-31 lakh

Revenue Projections (Realistic Expectations)

Per Plant Production (Realistic):

Hydroponic yield: 15-35 kg per plant annually (vs 40-80 kg in soil)
Fruit quality: Comparable to soil-grown but smaller average size
Production timeline: 12-18 months to first harvest

Small-Scale Operation (15 plants):

Annual production: 300-450 kg
Premium pricing: ₹100/kg average (requires premium market access)
Gross revenue: ₹30,000-45,000 annually
Operating costs: ₹40,000-60,000 annually
Net result: Loss of ₹10,000-30,000 annually
Reality: Not economically viable at small scale

Medium Commercial (75 plants) with Premium Positioning:

Annual production: 1,500-2,250 kg
Premium organic pricing: ₹120/kg average
Gross revenue: ₹1.8-2.7 lakh annually
Operating costs: ₹1.2-2 lakh annually
Net profit: ₹0.6-0.7 lakh annually
ROI: 2-4% annually (marginal viability)

Break-Even Reality Check

Critical Success Requirements:

Premium market access: Must achieve ₹100+/kg minimum pricing
Operational efficiency: Minimize infrastructure and operating costs
Technical expertise: Advanced hydroponic knowledge essential
Risk acceptance: Understand that failures are more likely than other crops
Long-term commitment: Multi-year investment before significant returns

Honest Assessment:

Most viable as: Research project, hobby growing, niche premium markets
Not recommended for: Primary income generation, beginner hydroponic projects
Better alternatives: Consider mango, guava, or citrus for tree fruit hydroponics

Alternative Approaches and Recommendations

Semi-Hydroponic Container Growing

Container Growing with Soil Mix:

Hybrid approach: Large containers with high-quality soil mixtures
Benefits: Better results than pure hydroponics, more control than field growing
Setup: 300-500 liter containers with premium soil/compost mixtures
Economics: Better ROI than pure hydroponic systems

Focus on More Suitable Hydroponic Tree Fruits

Better Hydroponic Tree Fruit Options:

Citrus fruits: Lemons, limes better suited to hydroponic cultivation
Dwarf varieties: Dwarf mango, guava more manageable in containers
Berry bushes: Blueberries, blackberries excel in hydroponic systems
Grape vines: Table grapes very successful in hydroponic cultivation

Research and Educational Applications

Valuable Applications:

Agricultural research: Study controlled environment tree fruit production
Educational demonstrations: Teaching tropical horticulture concepts
Breeding programs: Controlled environment for variety development
Climate studies: Understanding papaya responses to environmental factors

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Feasibility and Expectations

Q: Can papaya really be grown successfully in hydroponic systems? A: While possible, papaya has limited success in hydroponics compared to soil cultivation. Expect 40-70% lower yields, higher costs, and more technical challenges. It’s better suited to soil growing, but media-based hydroponic systems can work with realistic expectations.

Q: Why is papaya better in soil than hydroponics? A: Papaya evolved with deep taproot systems, massive size requirements, and tropical soil preferences that hydroponic systems struggle to replicate. Soil provides unlimited root space, natural drainage, microbial symbiosis, and cost efficiency that hydroponics cannot match.

Q: What hydroponic system works best for papaya? A: Media-based systems using large containers (200-300 liters) with perlite/coconut coir mixtures are the only viable approach. NFT, DWC, and aeroponic systems cannot accommodate papaya’s root and size requirements.

Q: How much can I expect to yield from hydroponic papaya? A: Realistic yields are 15-35 kg per plant annually, compared to 40-80 kg in soil cultivation. The reduced yields combined with higher infrastructure costs make economic viability challenging.

Technical and Management Questions

Q: What container size do I need for hydroponic papaya? A: Minimum 200-300 liters per plant, preferably larger. Containers should be 80-100 cm deep and wide to accommodate the taproot and lateral root development.

Q: What growing media works best for papaya? A: A mixture of 50% coconut coir, 30% perlite, 10% vermiculite, and 10% expanded clay provides good drainage while retaining moisture and supporting root development.

Q: How do I manage the large size of papaya trees in controlled environments? A: Use dwarf varieties, regular pruning, height management techniques, and strong support structures. Plan greenhouse height for 3-4 meter trees minimum.

Q: What are the main challenges with hydroponic papaya? A: Root space limitations, high infrastructure costs, technical complexity, lower yields than soil, disease susceptibility, and economic viability compared to other hydroponic crops.

Economic and Business Questions

Q: Is hydroponic papaya profitable? A: Profitability is challenging due to high infrastructure costs and reduced yields. Small-scale operations typically operate at a loss, while medium-scale operations may achieve marginal profitability (2-4% ROI) with premium pricing.

Q: What market pricing do I need for viability? A: Minimum ₹100/kg, preferably ₹120+/kg through premium organic or specialty market positioning. Standard market prices (₹25-80/kg) cannot support hydroponic production costs.

Q: Should I choose papaya for my first hydroponic project? A: No, papaya is not recommended for beginners or primary income generation. Consider strawberries, leafy greens, or herbs for better success rates and profitability.

Q: What are better alternatives to hydroponic papaya? A: For tree fruits: citrus (lemons, limes), dwarf mango, or grapes. For overall profitability: strawberries, lettuce, herbs, or tomatoes offer better returns with less risk.

System Design and Setup

Q: What infrastructure do I need for hydroponic papaya? A: Large containers (200-300L), strong support structures, climate control for tropical conditions, drip irrigation systems, and greenhouse or shade structures. Plan for 3-4 meter tree heights.

Q: How do I provide proper drainage in large containers? A: Use multiple drainage holes, drainage layers with expanded clay or gravel, well-draining media mixtures, and elevated container placement to ensure excess water removal.

Q: What environmental conditions does papaya need? A: Tropical conditions: 24-30°C temperature, 60-80% humidity, protection from wind, and bright light (6+ hours direct sunlight or equivalent LED lighting).

Q: Can I grow papaya indoors under LED lights? A: Possible but challenging due to size requirements and light intensity needs. Requires very high-intensity LED systems and significant electrical costs for large tree lighting.

Varieties and Plant Management

Q: What papaya varieties work best in hydroponic systems? A: Solo varieties (self-pollinating), dwarf varieties for size management, and disease-resistant varieties. Avoid large-fruited varieties that require extensive tree structure.

Q: How do I pollinate papaya in controlled environments? A: Hand pollination is most reliable in controlled environments. Learn to identify male and female flowers (or hermaphrodite flowers in solo varieties) and transfer pollen manually.

Q: When can I expect first harvest from hydroponic papaya? A: 12-18 months from planting, similar to soil cultivation. The long timeline increases risk and reduces economic attractiveness compared to faster-producing hydroponic crops.

Q: How do I manage tree size and support? A: Regular pruning, dwarf variety selection, strong support frameworks, and height management techniques. Plan infrastructure for 3-4 meter mature tree size.

Conclusion: Making Informed Decisions About Hydroponic Papaya

Hydroponic papaya cultivation represents one of the most challenging applications of soilless growing technology – possible with dedicated effort and proper techniques, but fundamentally limited compared to both soil cultivation of papaya and hydroponic cultivation of more suitable crops. While this guide provides the technical knowledge needed for those determined to attempt this challenging crop, the honest reality is that papaya performs significantly better in well-draining tropical soils than in any hydroponic system.

The key to success lies in approaching hydroponic papaya with realistic expectations – understanding that yields will be 40-70% lower than soil cultivation, infrastructure costs will be substantially higher, and economic viability will be challenging except in premium market niches. For those drawn to this challenge, media-based systems using large containers with perlite/coconut coir mixtures offer the best chance of limited success.

However, for most agricultural entrepreneurs seeking profitable hydroponic production, better opportunities exist with crops naturally suited to soilless cultivation – strawberries, leafy greens, herbs, tomatoes, and even other tree fruits like citrus that adapt more readily to hydroponic systems. The investment of time, money, and expertise required for marginal papaya results could generate much better returns with more suitable crops.

Considering hydroponic papaya cultivation? Visit Agriculture Novel at www.agriculturenovel.co for honest assessments of crop suitability, alternative recommendations better suited to hydroponic systems, and realistic economic analysis to help you make informed decisions about your agricultural investments!

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Agronomic reference for common Indian crops
	Group	Season	Sowing		Spacing	Soil pH		Temp °C	Seed / ha	Yield / ha	Watch for
Rice	Cereal	Kharif	Jun–Jul	120–150	20 × 15 cm	5.5–6.5	1200–1800	22–32	40–50 kg	4–6 t	Stem borer, blast, BPH
Wheat	Cereal	Rabi	Nov–Dec	120–150	22 cm rows	6.0–7.5	400–650	15–25	100–125 kg	4–5 t	Yellow rust, aphid, termite
Maize	Cereal	Kharif · Rabi	Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov	90–110	60 × 20 cm	5.5–7.5	500–800	21–30	18–20 kg	5–8 t	Fall armyworm, stem borer
Barley	Cereal	Rabi	Nov–Dec	110–130	22 cm rows	6.5–8.0	300–450	12–25	75–100 kg	3–4 t	Aphid, yellow rust
Oats	Cereal	Rabi	Oct–Nov	100–120	22 cm rows	5.5–7.0	350–500	15–25	80–100 kg	2.5–3.5 t	Rust, aphid
Buckwheat	Cereal	Rabi	Sep–Oct	75–90	30 × 10 cm	5.0–7.0	300–450	15–25	40–50 kg	1–1.5 t	Aphid, leaf spot
Grain Amaranth	Cereal	Kharif · Rabi	Jun–Jul, Oct	90–110	45 × 20 cm	5.5–7.5	300–450	20–30	2–3 kg	1–1.5 t	Stem weevil, leaf webber
Sorghum (Jowar)	Millet	Kharif · Rabi	Jun–Jul, Sep–Oct	100–120	45 × 15 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	26–32	10–12 kg	2.5–4 t	Shoot fly, midge, downy mildew
Pearl Millet (Bajra)	Millet	Kharif	Jun–Jul	75–90	45 × 15 cm	6.5–7.8	350–500	25–35	4–5 kg	2–3 t	Downy mildew, ergot
Finger Millet (Ragi)	Millet	Kharif	Jun–Jul	100–120	30 × 10 cm	5.0–7.5	400–600	20–30	10–12 kg	2–3 t	Blast, stem borer
Foxtail Millet	Millet	Kharif	Jun–Jul	70–90	25 × 10 cm	5.5–7.0	250–400	20–30	8–10 kg	1.5–2 t	Blast, shoot fly
Kodo Millet	Millet	Kharif	Jun–Jul	100–120	25 × 10 cm	5.5–7.5	300–450	25–32	10–12 kg	1–1.5 t	Head smut, shoot fly
Little Millet	Millet	Kharif	Jun–Jul	70–90	25 × 10 cm	5.5–7.5	250–400	22–32	8–10 kg	0.8–1.2 t	Shoot fly, grain smut
Barnyard Millet	Millet	Kharif	Jun–Jul	75–90	25 × 10 cm	5.5–7.0	250–400	22–30	10–12 kg	1–1.5 t	Grain smut, shoot fly
Proso Millet	Millet	Kharif · Zaid	Jun–Jul, Feb	60–75	25 × 10 cm	5.5–7.5	200–350	20–30	10–12 kg	1–1.5 t	Shoot fly, head smut
Chickpea (Gram)	Pulse	Rabi	Oct–Nov	95–120	30 × 10 cm	6.0–8.0	250–400	15–25	75–100 kg	1.5–2.5 t	Pod borer, wilt
Pigeon Pea (Tur)	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	150–180	60 × 20 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	20–30	12–15 kg	1.5–2 t	Pod borer, wilt, sterility mosaic
Green Gram (Moong)	Pulse	Kharif · Zaid	Jun–Jul, Mar–Apr	60–75	30 × 10 cm	6.2–7.2	250–350	25–35	15–20 kg	0.8–1.2 t	Yellow mosaic, thrips
Black Gram (Urad)	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	70–90	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	250–400	25–35	15–20 kg	0.8–1.2 t	Yellow mosaic, powdery mildew
Lentil (Masur)	Pulse	Rabi	Oct–Nov	100–120	25 × 5 cm	6.0–7.5	200–350	15–25	30–40 kg	1–1.5 t	Rust, wilt, aphid
Cowpea	Pulse	Kharif · Zaid	Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar	70–90	45 × 15 cm	5.5–7.5	250–400	25–35	20–25 kg	1–1.5 t	Aphid, pod borer
Field Pea	Pulse	Rabi	Oct–Nov	100–130	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	250–400	13–23	75–100 kg	1.5–2.5 t	Powdery mildew, pod borer
Horse Gram	Pulse	Kharif · Rabi	Aug–Sep	110–130	30 × 10 cm	5.0–7.5	200–300	20–30	25–30 kg	0.6–1 t	Leaf spot, pod borer
Moth Bean	Pulse	Kharif	Jul	70–90	30 × 10 cm	6.0–8.0	150–300	25–35	10–12 kg	0.5–0.8 t	Yellow mosaic, jassid
Rajma (Kidney Bean)	Pulse	Rabi	Oct–Nov	110–130	40 × 15 cm	5.5–6.5	300–450	15–25	80–100 kg	1.5–2 t	Anthracnose, bean fly
Faba Bean	Pulse	Rabi	Oct–Nov	120–150	45 × 15 cm	6.0–7.5	350–500	12–22	100–120 kg	2–3 t	Chocolate spot, aphid
Lablab (Sem)	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	110–140	60 × 30 cm	5.5–7.5	300–450	20–30	15–20 kg	1–1.5 t	Pod borer, aphid
Cluster Bean (Guar)	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	90–110	45 × 20 cm	7.0–8.5	250–400	25–35	15–20 kg	1–1.5 t	Bacterial blight, jassid
Groundnut	Oilseed	Kharif	Jun–Jul	100–130	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.0	500–700	25–30	100–120 kg	2–2.5 t	Leaf miner, tikka leaf spot
Mustard	Oilseed	Rabi	Oct–Nov	110–140	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	250–400	10–25	4–5 kg	1.5–2 t	Aphid, white rust, alternaria
Rapeseed (Toria)	Oilseed	Rabi	Sep–Oct	85–100	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	200–350	10–25	4–5 kg	1–1.5 t	Aphid, alternaria blight
Soybean	Oilseed	Kharif	Jun–Jul	90–110	45 × 5 cm	6.0–7.5	450–700	20–30	65–75 kg	2–2.5 t	Girdle beetle, yellow mosaic
Sunflower	Oilseed	Rabi · Zaid	Oct–Nov, Jan–Feb	90–110	60 × 30 cm	6.5–8.0	400–600	20–28	8–10 kg	1.5–2 t	Head borer, necrosis, downy mildew
Sesame (Til)	Oilseed	Kharif · Zaid	Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar	80–95	30 × 15 cm	5.5–8.0	300–450	25–32	4–5 kg	0.6–1 t	Phyllody, leaf webber
Castor	Oilseed	Kharif	Jun–Aug	150–180	90 × 60 cm	5.5–7.5	500–700	20–30	5–8 kg	1.5–2.5 t	Semilooper, capsule borer, wilt
Safflower	Oilseed	Rabi	Oct–Nov	120–140	45 × 20 cm	6.0–8.0	250–400	15–25	10–15 kg	1–1.5 t	Aphid, wilt, alternaria
Linseed	Oilseed	Rabi	Oct–Nov	110–130	25 × 5 cm	6.0–7.5	250–400	15–25	25–30 kg	1–1.5 t	Bud fly, rust, wilt
Niger	Oilseed	Kharif	Jul–Aug	90–110	30 × 10 cm	5.5–7.0	300–450	18–28	5–6 kg	0.4–0.6 t	Leaf spot, capsule fly
Cotton	Fibre	Kharif	May–Jun	160–200	90 × 60 cm	6.0–8.0	700–1200	21–30	1.5–2.5 kg (Bt)	2–3 t seed cotton	Pink bollworm, whitefly, jassid
Jute	Fibre	Kharif	Mar–May	110–140	25 × 7 cm	6.0–7.5	500–750	24–35	5–8 kg	2.5–3 t fibre	Stem rot, semilooper
Mesta (Kenaf)	Fibre	Kharif	Apr–Jun	120–150	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	450–700	22–32	12–15 kg	2–2.5 t fibre	Stem rot, spiral borer
Sunn Hemp	Fibre	Kharif	Jun–Jul	100–120	30 × 10 cm	5.5–7.5	350–500	22–32	25–30 kg	1.5–2 t fibre	Hairy caterpillar, wilt
Sugarcane	Plantation	Perennial	Oct–Nov, Feb–Mar	300–365	90–120 cm rows	6.5–7.5	1500–2500	20–35	35–40 k setts	80–100 t	Early shoot borer, red rot, woolly aphid
Tea	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Aug (planting)	3–4 yr to pluck	1.2 × 0.75 m	4.5–5.5	2000–2500	18–30	13 k plants	2–3 t made tea	Red spider mite, blister blight
Coffee	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	3–4 yr to bear	2.5 × 2.5 m	6.0–6.5	1500–2000	15–28	1,600 plants	1–1.5 t clean	White stem borer, leaf rust
Rubber	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	6–7 yr to tap	4.9 × 4.9 m	4.5–6.0	2000–3000	25–34	420 plants	1.5–2 t dry rubber	Abnormal leaf fall, pink disease
Coconut	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	5–6 yr to bear	7.5 × 7.5 m	5.5–7.5	1300–2300	20–32	175 palms	80–120 nuts/palm	Rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, root wilt
Arecanut	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	5–7 yr to bear	2.7 × 2.7 m	5.5–7.0	1500–2500	20–32	1,350 palms	2–3 t dry kernel	Koleroga, yellow leaf disease
Cashew	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	3–4 yr to bear	7.5 × 7.5 m	5.5–7.0	800–1200	20–35	175 plants	1–1.5 t nuts	Tea mosquito bug, stem borer
Cocoa	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	3–4 yr to bear	2.7 × 2.7 m	5.5–7.0	1500–2000	20–30	1,100 plants	1–1.5 t dry bean	Black pod, tea mosquito bug
Oil Palm	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Sep (planting)	3–4 yr to bear	9 m triangular	5.0–7.0	2000–2500	24–32	143 palms	20–25 t FFB	Rhinoceros beetle, bud rot
Tobacco	Plantation	Rabi	Sep–Oct	110–130	90 × 60 cm	5.5–6.5	400–600	20–30	250–300 g	1.5–2.5 t cured	Aphid, budworm, black shank
Tomato	Vegetable	Year-round	Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov, Jan–Feb	110–140	60 × 45 cm	6.0–7.0	400–600	20–27	250–400 g	25–40 t	Fruit borer, leaf curl virus, early blight
Onion	Vegetable	Rabi · Kharif	Oct–Nov, Jun–Jul	120–150	15 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	350–550	13–25	8–10 kg	25–35 t	Thrips, purple blotch, basal rot
Potato	Vegetable	Rabi	Oct–Nov	90–120	60 × 20 cm	5.5–6.5	450–650	15–22	2.5–3 t tubers	25–35 t	Late blight, aphid, tuber moth
Brinjal	Vegetable	Year-round	Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov, Feb–Mar	120–150	60 × 60 cm	5.5–6.8	400–600	22–30	400–500 g	25–35 t	Shoot & fruit borer, wilt
Okra (Bhindi)	Vegetable	Kharif · Zaid	Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar	55–70	45 × 30 cm	6.0–6.8	350–500	24–32	8–10 kg	10–15 t	Yellow vein mosaic, shoot borer, jassid
Chilli	Vegetable	Kharif · Rabi	Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov	150–180	60 × 45 cm	6.0–7.0	500–700	20–30	1–1.5 kg	2–3 t dry	Thrips, leaf curl, anthracnose
Capsicum	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	110–130	45 × 30 cm	6.0–6.8	400–600	18–27	750 g–1 kg	20–30 t	Thrips, mites, anthracnose
Cabbage	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	90–120	45 × 45 cm	6.0–6.5	350–500	15–21	400–500 g	25–35 t	Diamondback moth, black rot
Cauliflower	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	90–120	45 × 45 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	15–20	400–500 g	20–30 t	Diamondback moth, downy mildew
Broccoli	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	90–110	45 × 45 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	15–20	400–500 g	12–18 t	Aphid, diamondback moth
Knol-khol	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	60–80	30 × 20 cm	6.0–7.0	300–450	15–22	1–1.5 kg	20–25 t	Aphid, black rot
Cucumber	Vegetable	Zaid · Kharif	Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul	50–70	150 × 60 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	20–30	2–3 kg	15–20 t	Downy mildew, fruit fly, red pumpkin beetle
Bottle Gourd	Vegetable	Zaid · Kharif	Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul	60–80	250 × 60 cm	6.0–7.0	400–550	22–32	3–5 kg	20–25 t	Fruit fly, downy mildew
Bitter Gourd	Vegetable	Zaid · Kharif	Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul	55–75	150 × 60 cm	6.0–6.7	350–500	24–32	4–5 kg	12–18 t	Fruit fly, mosaic virus
Ridge Gourd	Vegetable	Zaid · Kharif	Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul	55–75	200 × 60 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	24–32	3–4 kg	12–16 t	Fruit fly, powdery mildew
Sponge Gourd	Vegetable	Zaid · Kharif	Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul	55–75	200 × 60 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	24–32	3–4 kg	12–16 t	Fruit fly, downy mildew
Ash Gourd	Vegetable	Kharif	Jun–Jul	90–120	250 × 90 cm	6.0–7.0	400–600	24–32	4–6 kg	25–35 t	Fruit fly, mosaic
Pumpkin	Vegetable	Zaid · Kharif	Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul	90–120	250 × 60 cm	6.0–7.0	400–600	20–30	4–6 kg	20–30 t	Red pumpkin beetle, powdery mildew
Watermelon	Vegetable	Zaid	Jan–Mar	80–100	200 × 60 cm	6.0–7.0	400–600	24–32	2.5–3.5 kg	25–35 t	Fruit fly, anthracnose, wilt
Muskmelon	Vegetable	Zaid	Jan–Mar	75–95	150 × 60 cm	6.0–7.0	350–550	24–32	2–2.5 kg	15–25 t	Fruit fly, downy mildew
French Bean	Vegetable	Rabi · Zaid	Oct–Nov, Feb	60–80	45 × 15 cm	5.5–6.5	300–450	16–24	60–80 kg	8–12 t	Anthracnose, bean fly
Garden Pea	Vegetable	Rabi	Oct–Nov	90–110	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	300–450	13–22	80–100 kg	8–12 t	Powdery mildew, pod borer
Radish	Vegetable	Rabi · Year-round	Sep–Jan	40–60	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.0	250–400	15–25	10–12 kg	20–30 t	Aphid, white rust
Carrot	Vegetable	Rabi	Aug–Nov	90–110	30 × 8 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	15–22	5–6 kg	20–30 t	Leaf blight, aphid, nematode
Beetroot	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Nov	80–100	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	300–450	15–24	7–8 kg	20–30 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Turnip	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Nov	55–75	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.0	250–400	13–22	4–5 kg	20–25 t	Aphid, white rust
Spinach (Palak)	Vegetable	Rabi · Year-round	Sep–Feb	35–50	25 × 5 cm	6.0–7.5	200–350	15–25	25–30 kg	12–18 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Fenugreek (Methi)	Vegetable	Rabi	Oct–Nov	40–60	25 × 5 cm	6.0–7.5	200–350	15–25	25–30 kg	8–12 t	Powdery mildew, aphid
Amaranth (Leafy)	Vegetable	Year-round	Feb–Sep	30–45	20 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	200–350	22–32	2–3 kg	10–15 t	Leaf webber, stem weevil
Lettuce	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Nov	60–80	30 × 30 cm	6.0–7.0	250–400	13–20	400–500 g	15–20 t	Aphid, downy mildew
Celery	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	110–130	40 × 25 cm	6.0–7.0	400–600	15–22	2–3 kg	20–25 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Sweet Potato	Vegetable	Kharif · Rabi	Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov	100–130	60 × 20 cm	5.5–6.8	400–600	21–30	35–40 k vines	20–25 t	Weevil, leaf curl
Colocasia (Arbi)	Vegetable	Kharif	Jun–Jul	150–180	60 × 45 cm	5.5–7.0	800–1200	21–32	2–2.5 t corms	15–20 t	Leaf blight, aphid
Elephant Foot Yam	Vegetable	Kharif	Apr–May	210–240	90 × 90 cm	5.5–7.0	800–1200	25–35	10–12 t corms	30–40 t	Collar rot, mosaic
Drumstick (Moringa)	Vegetable	Perennial	Jun–Jul	180–240	2.5 × 2.5 m	6.0–7.5	500–800	25–35	600 g	25–30 t pods	Hairy caterpillar, fruit fly
Banana	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar	300–365	1.8 × 1.8 m	6.0–7.5	1200–2000	20–35	3,000 suckers	50–70 t	Sigatoka, panama wilt, weevil
Mango	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug (planting)	4–5 yr to bear	10 × 10 m	5.5–7.5	700–1000	24–30	100 grafts	8–12 t	Hopper, powdery mildew, fruit fly
Papaya	Fruit	Year-round	Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul	270–300	1.8 × 1.8 m	6.0–7.0	1000–1500	22–32	250–300 g	40–60 t	Ring spot virus, mealybug
Guava	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug (planting)	2–3 yr to bear	6 × 6 m	6.0–7.5	800–1000	23–30	270 plants	20–25 t	Fruit fly, wilt, anthracnose
Sweet Orange	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug (planting)	4–5 yr to bear	6 × 6 m	6.0–7.5	900–1200	20–32	270 plants	20–25 t	Citrus canker, leaf miner, psylla
Mandarin (Kinnow)	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug (planting)	4–5 yr to bear	6 × 6 m	6.0–7.5	900–1200	18–30	270 plants	20–30 t	Citrus canker, greening, leaf miner
Lemon	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug (planting)	3–4 yr to bear	5 × 5 m	6.0–7.5	800–1100	20–32	400 plants	15–20 t	Canker, leaf miner, gummosis
Grapes	Fruit	Perennial	Jan–Feb (planting)	2–3 yr to bear	3 × 2 m	6.5–7.5	600–900	15–35	1,650 vines	20–30 t	Downy mildew, powdery mildew, thrips
Pomegranate	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug (planting)	2–3 yr to bear	5 × 5 m	6.5–7.5	600–900	20–35	400 plants	15–20 t	Bacterial blight, fruit borer
Apple	Fruit	Perennial	Dec–Jan (planting)	4–6 yr to bear	5 × 5 m	5.5–6.5	800–1200	10–24	400 plants	15–20 t	Scab, codling moth, woolly aphid
Pear	Fruit	Perennial	Dec–Jan (planting)	4–6 yr to bear	6 × 6 m	6.0–7.0	800–1100	10–25	270 plants	15–20 t	Scab, leaf blight
Peach	Fruit	Perennial	Dec–Jan (planting)	3–4 yr to bear	5 × 5 m	6.0–7.0	700–1000	12–26	400 plants	10–15 t	Leaf curl, fruit fly
Plum	Fruit	Perennial	Dec–Jan (planting)	3–4 yr to bear	5 × 5 m	6.0–7.0	700–1000	12–26	400 plants	10–15 t	Brown rot, aphid
Litchi	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Sep (planting)	5–7 yr to bear	8 × 8 m	5.5–7.0	1200–1600	20–35	156 plants	8–12 t	Fruit borer, mite, fruit cracking
Sapota (Chikoo)	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	4–5 yr to bear	8 × 8 m	6.0–8.0	900–1300	20–32	156 plants	15–20 t	Bud borer, leaf spot
Custard Apple	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	3–4 yr to bear	5 × 5 m	6.5–7.5	600–800	23–32	400 plants	8–10 t	Mealybug, anthracnose
Jackfruit	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	5–7 yr to bear	10 × 10 m	6.0–7.5	1000–1500	22–35	100 plants	15–20 t	Fruit rot, shoot borer
Pineapple	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Sep	450–540	60 × 30 cm	5.0–6.0	1000–1500	22–32	43 k suckers	50–60 t	Mealybug, heart rot
Ber (Indian Jujube)	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug (planting)	2–3 yr to bear	6 × 6 m	6.0–8.5	400–600	20–35	270 plants	15–20 t	Fruit fly, powdery mildew
Amla	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug (planting)	4–5 yr to bear	8 × 8 m	6.0–8.0	600–900	20–35	156 plants	10–15 t	Rust, bark eating caterpillar
Fig	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	2–3 yr to bear	5 × 5 m	6.0–7.5	600–800	20–32	400 plants	10–15 t	Rust, stem borer
Date Palm	Fruit	Perennial	Feb–Mar (planting)	5–7 yr to bear	8 × 8 m	7.0–8.5	1200–1800	25–40	156 palms	10–15 t	Graphiola leaf spot, borer
Strawberry	Fruit	Rabi	Sep–Oct	90–120	30 × 30 cm	5.5–6.5	400–600	15–25	55 k runners	10–15 t	Grey mould, mite, leaf spot
Kiwi	Fruit	Perennial	Dec–Jan (planting)	4–5 yr to bear	4 × 5 m	5.5–7.0	900–1200	10–25	500 vines	12–18 t	Root rot, leaf spot
Avocado	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	4–5 yr to bear	8 × 8 m	5.5–6.5	1000–1400	20–30	156 plants	8–12 t	Anthracnose, root rot
Dragon Fruit	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	18–24 mo to bear	3 × 3 m	5.5–7.0	600–900	20–35	1,100 posts	10–15 t	Stem canker, mealybug
Almond	Nut	Perennial	Dec–Jan (planting)	4–5 yr to bear	6 × 6 m	6.0–7.5	700–1000	10–28	270 plants	1.5–2 t	Leaf blight, hairy caterpillar
Walnut	Nut	Perennial	Dec–Jan (planting)	6–8 yr to bear	10 × 10 m	6.0–7.5	800–1200	10–25	100 plants	2–3 t	Anthracnose, walnut blight
Pecan	Nut	Perennial	Dec–Jan (planting)	6–8 yr to bear	10 × 10 m	6.0–7.0	900–1300	15–30	100 plants	1.5–2.5 t	Scab, aphid, shuck decline
Pistachio	Nut	Perennial	Jan–Feb (planting)	6–8 yr to bear	6 × 6 m	7.0–8.0	600–900	15–35	270 plants	1.5–2 t	Alternaria blight, twig borer
Hazelnut	Nut	Perennial	Dec–Jan (planting)	4–5 yr to bear	5 × 5 m	6.0–7.0	700–1000	10–24	400 plants	1.5–2 t	Blight, filbert weevil
Turmeric	Spice	Kharif	May–Jun	240–270	30 × 20 cm	5.5–7.5	1200–1500	20–30	2–2.5 t rhizome	25–30 t fresh	Rhizome rot, leaf spot, shoot borer
Ginger	Spice	Kharif	Apr–May	210–240	25 × 20 cm	5.5–6.5	1300–1800	20–30	1.5–2 t rhizome	15–20 t fresh	Soft rot, bacterial wilt
Coriander	Spice	Rabi	Oct–Nov	90–110	30 × 15 cm	6.0–8.0	250–400	15–25	10–15 kg	1–1.5 t	Powdery mildew, aphid, wilt
Cumin	Spice	Rabi	Nov–Dec	100–120	30 × 10 cm	6.8–8.3	250–350	15–25	12–15 kg	0.6–0.8 t	Wilt, blight, aphid
Fennel	Spice	Rabi	Oct–Nov	140–160	45 × 20 cm	6.5–8.0	350–500	15–25	8–10 kg	1.5–2 t	Aphid, blight, wilt
Fenugreek (Seed)	Spice	Rabi	Oct–Nov	120–140	25 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	250–400	15–25	20–25 kg	1.2–1.8 t	Powdery mildew, root rot
Garlic	Spice	Rabi	Oct–Nov	130–160	15 × 10 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	12–24	500–600 kg cloves	8–12 t	Thrips, purple blotch, basal rot
Black Pepper	Spice	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	3–4 yr to bear	3 × 3 m	5.5–6.5	2000–3000	20–32	1,100 vines	2–3 t dry	Quick wilt, pollu beetle
Cardamom (Small)	Spice	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	2–3 yr to bear	2 × 2 m	5.0–6.5	1500–2500	15–28	2,500 plants	150–250 kg dry	Katte virus, thrips, rot
Cardamom (Large)	Spice	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	3 yr to bear	1.5 × 1.5 m	5.0–6.5	2000–3000	10–25	4,400 plants	200–300 kg dry	Chirke, foorkey virus
Clove	Spice	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	6–8 yr to bear	6 × 6 m	5.5–7.0	1500–2500	20–30	270 plants	1–2 kg/tree	Leaf rot, seedling wilt
Cinnamon	Spice	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	3–4 yr to harvest	2 × 2 m	5.0–7.0	1500–2500	20–30	2,500 plants	150–200 kg quill	Leaf spot, stripe canker
Nutmeg	Spice	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	6–8 yr to bear	8 × 8 m	5.5–7.0	1500–2500	20–32	156 plants	500–1000 fruits/tree	Fruit rot, die-back
Ajwain	Spice	Rabi	Oct–Nov	140–160	45 × 20 cm	6.5–8.0	250–400	15–25	3–4 kg	0.8–1.2 t	Powdery mildew, aphid
Dill	Spice	Rabi	Oct–Nov	110–130	30 × 15 cm	6.0–7.5	250–400	15–25	8–10 kg	0.8–1 t	Aphid, powdery mildew
Tamarind	Spice	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	6–8 yr to bear	10 × 10 m	6.0–8.0	700–1000	22–35	100 plants	150–200 kg/tree	Fruit borer, scale
Vanilla	Spice	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	3 yr to bear	2 × 1.5 m	6.0–7.0	1500–2500	21–32	1,600 vines	300–500 kg green	Bean rot, stem rot
Marigold	Flower	Year-round	Jun, Sep, Jan	60–90	45 × 30 cm	6.0–7.5	350–500	18–30	1–1.5 kg	15–20 t	Leaf spot, thrips, red spider mite
Rose	Flower	Perennial	Sep–Oct (planting)	90–120 to flower	60 × 45 cm	6.0–7.0	600–900	15–28	37 k plants	8–10 lakh blooms	Black spot, powdery mildew, thrips
Jasmine	Flower	Perennial	Jun–Jul (planting)	1–2 yr to bear	1.5 × 1.5 m	6.5–7.5	700–1000	20–32	4,400 plants	8–12 t	Bud worm, leaf webber, gall mite
Chrysanthemum	Flower	Rabi	Jun–Jul	110–130	30 × 30 cm	6.0–7.0	400–600	15–25	1.1 lakh cuttings	15–20 t	Leaf spot, aphid, thrips
Tuberose	Flower	Kharif	Mar–Apr	90–120	30 × 20 cm	6.5–7.5	500–700	20–30	2–2.5 lakh bulbs	15–20 t spikes	Aphid, thrips, stem rot
Gladiolus	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Nov	90–120	30 × 20 cm	6.0–7.0	400–600	15–25	2–2.5 lakh corms	2–2.5 lakh spikes	Fusarium wilt, thrips
Gerbera	Flower	Protected	Year-round	90–100 to flower	30 × 30 cm	5.5–6.5	Drip fertigation	18–26	60 k plants	200–250 stems/m²	Powdery mildew, whitefly, mite
Carnation	Flower	Protected	Year-round	120–150 to flower	15 × 15 cm	6.0–7.0	Drip fertigation	13–22	2.5 lakh plants	250–300 stems/m²	Fusarium wilt, thrips, mite
Orchid	Flower	Protected	Year-round	18–24 mo to bear	30 × 30 cm	5.5–6.5	Misting	20–30	40 k plants	4–6 spikes/plant	Black rot, scale, thrips
Anthurium	Flower	Protected	Year-round	12–18 mo to bear	30 × 30 cm	5.5–6.5	Misting	18–28	60 k plants	6–8 blooms/plant	Bacterial blight, mite
Aloe Vera	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	240–300	60 × 45 cm	6.0–8.0	400–600	20–35	25 k suckers	30–40 t leaf	Leaf spot, mealybug
Ashwagandha	Medicinal	Kharif	Jun–Jul	150–180	30 × 10 cm	6.5–8.0	300–450	20–32	10–12 kg	0.6–0.8 t root	Leaf spot, aphid
Tulsi (Holy Basil)	Medicinal	Kharif	Apr–May	90–110	45 × 45 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	20–32	300–400 g	10–12 t herb	Leaf roller, powdery mildew
Lemongrass	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	90 per cut	60 × 45 cm	5.5–7.5	800–1200	20–32	35 k slips	15–20 t herb	Leaf blight, rust
Mentha (Menthol Mint)	Medicinal	Zaid	Jan–Feb	110–130	45 × 30 cm	6.0–7.5	600–900	20–30	400–500 kg suckers	100–150 kg oil	Leaf spot, hairy caterpillar
Stevia	Medicinal	Perennial	Feb–Mar	90 per cut	45 × 30 cm	6.0–7.5	600–900	18–30	90 k plants	3–4 t dry leaf	Leaf spot, wilt
Isabgol (Psyllium)	Medicinal	Rabi	Nov–Dec	110–130	30 × 10 cm	7.0–8.5	250–350	15–25	4–5 kg	0.8–1.2 t	Downy mildew, aphid
Senna	Medicinal	Kharif · Rabi	Jul, Oct	110–130	45 × 30 cm	7.0–8.5	250–400	20–35	15–20 kg	1–1.5 t leaf	Leaf spot, pod borer
Safed Musli	Medicinal	Kharif	Jun–Jul	180–210	30 × 20 cm	6.0–7.5	600–900	20–32	5–6 q roots	2–2.5 t fresh root	Root rot, leaf spot
Vetiver (Khus)	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	540–600	60 × 45 cm	5.5–8.0	800–1200	20–35	35 k slips	20–25 kg oil	Root borer, leaf blight
Patchouli	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	150 per cut	60 × 60 cm	5.5–7.0	1500–2000	22–30	28 k cuttings	40–60 kg oil	Leaf blight, wilt, nematode
Berseem	Fodder	Rabi	Oct–Nov	50 per cut	Broadcast	6.5–7.5	500–700	15–25	20–25 kg	80–100 t green	Root rot, stem rot
Lucerne (Alfalfa)	Fodder	Perennial	Oct–Nov	45 per cut	30 cm rows	6.5–7.5	600–900	15–30	12–15 kg	80–100 t green	Wilt, aphid
Napier (Hybrid)	Fodder	Perennial	Jun–Jul	60 per cut	90 × 60 cm	5.5–7.5	1000–1500	25–35	20 k slips	200–250 t green	Leaf blight, stem borer
Fodder Maize	Fodder	Kharif · Zaid	Jun–Jul, Feb	60–70	30 × 15 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	21–30	50–60 kg	40–50 t green	Stem borer, leaf blight
Fodder Sorghum	Fodder	Kharif	Jun–Jul	60–75	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	350–500	25–32	35–40 kg	40–50 t green	Shoot fly, anthracnose
Fodder Cowpea	Fodder	Kharif	Jun–Jul	55–70	30 × 10 cm	5.5–7.5	300–450	25–35	35–40 kg	25–30 t green	Aphid, leaf spot
Oats (Fodder)	Fodder	Rabi	Oct–Nov	60–70	25 cm rows	5.5–7.0	350–500	15–25	80–100 kg	35–45 t green	Rust, aphid
Quinoa	Cereal	Rabi	Oct–Nov	90–120	45 × 15 cm	6.0–8.5	300–450	15–25	5–8 kg	1.5–2.5 t	Downy mildew, leaf miner
Triticale	Cereal	Rabi	Nov	120–140	22 cm rows	5.5–7.5	400–550	12–25	100–125 kg	4–5 t	Rust, aphid
Hull-less Barley	Cereal	Rabi	Nov–Dec	110–130	22 cm rows	6.5–8.0	300–450	12–25	75–100 kg	2.5–3.5 t	Aphid, yellow rust
Fonio	Cereal	Kharif	Jun–Jul	70–90	Broadcast	5.0–6.5	400–600	25–32	20–30 kg	0.6–1 t	Bird damage, blast
Teff	Cereal	Kharif	Jul	90–120	Broadcast	5.5–7.5	350–500	18–28	8–12 kg	1–1.8 t	Lodging, rust
Job's Tears	Cereal	Kharif	Jun–Jul	150–180	45 × 30 cm	5.5–7.0	700–1000	22–30	20–25 kg	2–3 t	Smut, stem borer
Wild Rice	Cereal	Kharif	Apr–May	100–120	Broadcast	6.0–7.5	1200–1800	18–28	30–40 kg	0.8–1.5 t	Bird damage, brown spot
Spelt	Cereal	Rabi	Oct–Nov	130–150	22 cm rows	6.0–7.5	400–550	12–22	130–160 kg	2.5–3.5 t	Rust, loose smut
Einkorn	Cereal	Rabi	Oct–Nov	130–160	22 cm rows	6.0–7.5	350–500	12–22	100–120 kg	1.5–2.5 t	Rust, lodging
Emmer	Cereal	Rabi	Oct–Nov	125–150	22 cm rows	6.0–7.5	350–500	12–24	100–125 kg	2–3 t	Rust, loose smut
Rye	Cereal	Rabi	Oct–Nov	120–150	20 cm rows	5.0–7.0	350–500	10–22	100–120 kg	2.5–3.5 t	Ergot, aphid
Canary Grass	Cereal	Rabi	Nov	110–130	22 cm rows	6.0–7.5	350–500	12–25	25–30 kg	1–1.5 t	Aphid, lodging
Popcorn	Cereal	Kharif · Rabi	Jun–Jul, Oct	95–115	60 × 20 cm	5.8–7.0	500–700	21–30	8–10 kg	2.5–3.5 t	Fall armyworm, stem borer
Browntop Millet	Millet	Kharif	Jun–Jul	60–75	25 × 10 cm	5.5–7.5	300–450	25–33	8–10 kg	0.8–1.2 t	Blast, shoot fly
Japanese Millet	Millet	Kharif	Jun–Jul	60–80	25 × 10 cm	5.5–7.5	350–500	22–32	10–12 kg	1.5–2 t	Blast, armyworm
Lathyrus (Khesari)	Pulse	Rabi	Oct–Nov	110–130	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	250–400	10–25	30–40 kg	0.8–1.2 t	Downy mildew, aphid
Bambara Groundnut	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	110–150	30 × 20 cm	5.0–6.5	500–700	20–30	55–75 kg	0.8–1.5 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Velvet Bean (Mucuna)	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	150–180	75 × 30 cm	5.0–6.5	600–900	20–30	20–25 kg	1–1.5 t	Pod borer, leaf spot
Sword Bean	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	120–150	90 × 60 cm	5.5–7.0	500–750	20–30	40–50 kg	1.5–2 t	Pod borer, aphid
Winged Bean	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	120–150	60 × 30 cm	5.5–6.5	800–1200	20–30	30–40 kg	2–3 t	Pod borer, leaf spot
Rice Bean	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	90–120	30 × 10 cm	5.5–7.0	400–600	22–30	20–25 kg	0.8–1.2 t	Pod borer, yellow mosaic
Adzuki Bean	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	90–120	45 × 10 cm	5.5–6.5	400–550	18–28	25–30 kg	1–1.5 t	Pod borer, root rot
Lima Bean	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	90–120	60 × 30 cm	6.0–7.0	450–650	18–27	40–50 kg	1–1.5 t	Pod borer, downy mildew
Grass Pea	Pulse	Rabi	Oct–Nov	110–130	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	250–400	10–25	30–40 kg	0.8–1.2 t	Downy mildew, aphid
Broad Bean	Pulse	Rabi	Oct–Nov	100–130	45 × 20 cm	6.0–7.5	350–500	10–22	100–120 kg	1.5–2.5 t	Chocolate spot, aphid
Scarlet Runner Bean	Pulse	Rabi	Sep–Oct	90–110	75 × 25 cm	6.0–7.0	400–600	14–24	60–70 kg	2–3 t	Anthracnose, aphid
Tepary Bean	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	70–95	45 × 10 cm	6.0–7.8	200–350	20–32	25–30 kg	0.7–1.2 t	Bacterial blight, leafhopper
Yam Bean	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	150–180	60 × 25 cm	5.5–7.0	700–1000	20–30	20–25 kg	20–30 t	Root rot, leaf spot
Jack Bean	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	120–150	90 × 45 cm	5.0–7.0	500–750	20–30	45–55 kg	1.5–2 t	Pod borer, leaf spot
Pinto Bean	Pulse	Rabi	Oct–Nov	90–110	45 × 10 cm	6.0–7.0	400–550	16–26	60–70 kg	1.5–2 t	Anthracnose, rust
Navy Bean	Pulse	Rabi	Oct–Nov	85–100	45 × 8 cm	6.0–7.0	400–550	16–26	60–70 kg	1.5–2 t	Halo blight, rust
Lupin	Pulse	Rabi	Oct–Nov	120–150	30 × 10 cm	5.0–6.5	350–500	10–22	100–130 kg	1.5–2.5 t	Anthracnose, brown spot
Black-eyed Pea	Pulse	Kharif	Jun–Jul	75–90	45 × 15 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	22–32	20–25 kg	1–1.5 t	Pod borer, aphid
Yardlong Bean	Vegetable	Kharif	Jun–Jul	60–80	60 × 30 cm	5.5–7.0	500–700	22–32	12–15 kg	10–14 t	Pod borer, aphid
Paprika	Vegetable	Kharif · Rabi	Jun–Jul, Oct	150–180	60 × 45 cm	6.0–7.0	600–800	18–30	1–1.5 kg	2–3 t	Thrips, anthracnose
Summer Squash	Vegetable	Kharif · Zaid	Feb–Mar, Jun	45–60	120 × 60 cm	5.8–7.0	400–600	18–30	4–5 kg	15–25 t	Fruit fly, powdery mildew
Winter Squash	Vegetable	Kharif	Jun–Jul	90–120	200 × 100 cm	5.8–7.0	500–700	18–30	3–4 kg	20–30 t	Fruit fly, downy mildew
Zucchini	Vegetable	Zaid · Rabi	Feb–Mar, Oct	45–60	120 × 60 cm	6.0–7.0	400–600	18–28	4–5 kg	20–30 t	Powdery mildew, fruit fly
Spiny Gourd	Vegetable	Kharif	Jun–Jul	90–110	150 × 100 cm	5.5–7.0	600–900	22–32	Tubers	6–10 t	Fruit fly, mosaic
Salsify	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	120–150	30 × 8 cm	6.0–7.5	350–500	10–24	8–10 kg	12–18 t	Carrot fly, white blister
Celeriac	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	110–140	40 × 30 cm	6.0–7.0	500–700	12–22	0.3–0.5 kg	25–35 t	Leaf spot, celery fly
Parsnip	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	120–160	40 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	400–550	8–20	4–5 kg	20–30 t	Canker, carrot fly
Arracacha	Vegetable	Perennial	Jun–Jul	10–12 mo	80 × 50 cm	5.5–6.5	800–1200	15–22	Offsets	15–25 t	Root rot, leaf spot
Oca	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	180–240	60 × 30 cm	5.5–6.5	600–800	10–22	1500–2000 kg	15–25 t	Weevil, virus
Mashua	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	180–240	70 × 40 cm	5.3–7.5	700–1000	10–20	1200–1600 kg	20–30 t	Nematode, virus
Arrowroot	Vegetable	Kharif	May–Jun	10–11 mo	30 × 25 cm	5.5–6.5	1200–1800	20–30	1500–2000 kg	15–25 t	Leaf spot, rot
Chinese Potato	Vegetable	Kharif	Jun–Jul	150–180	30 × 15 cm	5.5–7.0	700–1000	20–30	1000–1200 kg	15–20 t	Nematode, leaf spot
Daikon	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Nov	55–70	45 × 15 cm	5.8–6.8	300–450	10–25	8–10 kg	30–45 t	Aphid, club root
Horseradish	Vegetable	Perennial	Feb–Mar	8–10 mo	60 × 40 cm	6.0–7.5	500–700	10–24	Root sets	8–12 t	White rust, flea beetle
Swede	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	90–120	45 × 20 cm	5.5–7.0	350–500	8–20	2–3 kg	35–50 t	Club root, flea beetle
Scorzonera	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	150–180	30 × 8 cm	6.0–7.5	350–500	10–22	10–12 kg	12–18 t	White blister, aphid
Shallot	Vegetable	Rabi	Oct–Nov	90–110	20 × 10 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	13–24	800–1000 kg	12–18 t	Thrips, purple blotch
Leek	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	120–150	40 × 15 cm	6.0–7.0	450–650	10–24	4–6 kg	25–35 t	Thrips, rust
Spring Onion	Vegetable	Rabi · Zaid	Sep–Oct, Feb	60–80	20 × 8 cm	6.0–7.0	300–450	13–25	8–10 kg	15–20 t	Thrips, downy mildew
Elephant Garlic	Vegetable	Rabi	Oct–Nov	150–180	30 × 20 cm	6.0–7.0	400–550	12–24	1200–1500 kg	10–15 t	White rot, thrips
Brussels Sprout	Vegetable	Rabi	Aug–Sep	120–150	60 × 45 cm	6.0–7.0	500–700	7–20	0.4–0.5 kg	12–18 t	Aphid, club root
Collard Greens	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	70–90	60 × 45 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	10–24	0.4–0.5 kg	20–30 t	Aphid, diamondback moth
Bok Choy	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Nov	45–60	30 × 20 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	13–24	0.4–0.6 kg	20–30 t	Flea beetle, downy mildew
Swiss Chard	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	55–70	40 × 25 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	10–24	6–8 kg	25–35 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Endive	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	80–100	30 × 25 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	10–22	0.8–1 kg	18–25 t	Aphid, tip burn
Escarole	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	80–100	35 × 30 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	10–22	0.8–1 kg	18–25 t	Aphid, downy mildew
Arugula	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Nov	30–45	20 × 8 cm	6.0–7.0	250–400	10–22	4–6 kg	8–12 t	Flea beetle, downy mildew
Purslane	Vegetable	Kharif	Jun–Jul	30–45	20 × 10 cm	5.5–7.5	250–400	20–32	3–4 kg	10–15 t	Aphid, leaf miner
Sorrel	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	60–80	30 × 20 cm	5.5–6.8	350–500	10–24	3–4 kg	12–18 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Basella (Malabar Spinach)	Vegetable	Kharif	Jun–Jul	55–70	60 × 45 cm	5.5–7.0	600–900	22–32	5–7 kg	25–35 t	Leaf spot, nematode
Chinese Cabbage	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	60–80	45 × 35 cm	6.0–7.0	400–550	13–22	0.4–0.5 kg	35–50 t	Aphid, soft rot
Tatsoi	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Nov	40–50	25 × 20 cm	6.0–7.0	300–450	10–22	0.4–0.6 kg	15–22 t	Flea beetle, aphid
Mizuna	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Nov	35–50	25 × 20 cm	6.0–7.0	300–450	10–22	0.4–0.6 kg	15–22 t	Flea beetle, downy mildew
Komatsuna	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Nov	35–50	25 × 15 cm	6.0–7.5	300–450	10–24	0.5–0.7 kg	18–25 t	Flea beetle, aphid
Radicchio	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	80–100	35 × 30 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	10–20	0.5–0.7 kg	15–22 t	Tip burn, aphid
Chicory	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	110–140	45 × 15 cm	6.0–7.5	350–500	10–22	3–4 kg	25–35 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Bathua (Chenopodium)	Vegetable	Rabi	Oct–Nov	45–60	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.8	250–400	10–25	3–4 kg	10–15 t	Leaf miner, aphid
Gai Lan	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Nov	55–70	35 × 25 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	13–24	0.5–0.7 kg	15–22 t	Flea beetle, aphid
Broccoli Rabe	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	45–60	30 × 20 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	10–22	0.6–0.8 kg	12–18 t	Aphid, downy mildew
Asparagus	Vegetable	Perennial	Feb–Mar	2–3 yr	150 × 40 cm	6.5–7.5	500–700	15–25	Crowns	4–6 t	Rust, asparagus beetle
Globe Artichoke	Vegetable	Rabi	Aug–Sep	150–180	100 × 75 cm	6.5–7.5	600–800	12–24	Suckers	8–12 t	Aphid, powdery mildew
Sweet Corn	Vegetable	Kharif · Rabi	Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov	70–85	60 × 20 cm	5.8–7.0	500–700	21–30	8–9 kg	8–12 t	Fall armyworm, corn earworm
Baby Corn	Vegetable	Year-round	Any	50–60	45 × 20 cm	5.8–7.0	450–600	21–30	20–25 kg	1.5–2 t	Fall armyworm, stem borer
Snake Gourd	Vegetable	Kharif · Zaid	Jun–Jul, Feb	70–90	200 × 100 cm	6.0–7.0	600–900	22–32	4–5 kg	15–22 t	Fruit fly, downy mildew
Ivy Gourd	Vegetable	Perennial	Jun–Jul	4–6 mo	200 × 150 cm	5.5–7.0	700–1000	22–35	Cuttings	20–30 t	Fruit fly, mosaic
Pointed Gourd	Vegetable	Kharif	Jun–Jul	4–5 mo	200 × 100 cm	6.0–7.5	700–1000	22–35	Vine cuttings	15–25 t	Fruit fly, leaf spot
Chayote	Vegetable	Kharif	Jun–Jul	100–130	300 × 300 cm	5.5–6.8	900–1400	15–28	Whole fruit	30–50 t	Fruit fly, powdery mildew
Tinda	Vegetable	Zaid · Kharif	Feb–Mar, Jun	60–75	150 × 60 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	22–35	5–6 kg	10–15 t	Fruit fly, red pumpkin beetle
Cassava (Tapioca)	Vegetable	Kharif	May–Jun	9–11 mo	90 × 90 cm	5.5–7.0	1000–1500	25–35	Stem cuttings	25–40 t	Mosaic virus, mealybug
Yam (Dioscorea)	Vegetable	Kharif	Apr–May	8–10 mo	90 × 60 cm	5.5–6.5	1200–1800	25–32	2000–2500 kg	20–30 t	Anthracnose, nematode
Taro	Vegetable	Kharif	Jun–Jul	6–8 mo	45 × 30 cm	5.5–7.0	1200–1800	21–32	1200–1500 kg	15–25 t	Leaf blight, corm rot
Jerusalem Artichoke	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	120–150	75 × 30 cm	5.8–7.5	400–600	10–26	1200–1500 kg	25–40 t	Sclerotinia, aphid
Kohlrabi	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	60–80	45 × 20 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	10–24	1–1.5 kg	20–30 t	Aphid, club root
Kale	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Oct	70–95	60 × 40 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	7–24	0.4–0.5 kg	20–30 t	Aphid, diamondback moth
Mustard Greens	Vegetable	Rabi	Sep–Nov	40–55	30 × 15 cm	6.0–7.5	300–450	10–25	4–5 kg	15–22 t	Aphid, white rust
Bamboo Shoot	Vegetable	Kharif	Jun–Jul	3–4 yr	5 × 5 m	5.5–7.0	1200–2000	20–35	Rhizomes	8–15 t	Shoot borer, mealybug
Camelina	Oilseed	Rabi	Oct–Nov	85–100	20 cm rows	6.0–7.5	250–400	10–22	5–7 kg	1–1.5 t	Flea beetle, downy mildew
Perilla	Oilseed	Kharif	Jun–Jul	110–140	45 × 20 cm	5.5–7.0	500–700	18–28	4–6 kg	0.8–1.2 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Chia	Oilseed	Rabi	Oct–Nov	110–140	45 × 20 cm	6.0–8.0	300–450	15–28	5–6 kg	0.6–1 t	Aphid, root rot
Hempseed	Oilseed	Kharif	Jun–Jul	100–120	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	15–27	30–40 kg	1–1.5 t	Grey mould, borer
Taramira	Oilseed	Rabi	Oct–Nov	110–130	30 × 10 cm	6.0–8.0	200–350	10–25	5–6 kg	0.8–1.2 t	Aphid, white rust
Jojoba	Oilseed	Perennial	Jul–Aug	3–4 yr	4 × 4 m	6.0–8.0	300–500	20–35	Nursery	1.5–3 t	Root rot, scale
Peanut	Oilseed	Kharif	Jun–Jul	100–130	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.0	500–700	25–32	100–120 kg	2–3 t	Leaf miner, tikka leaf spot
Olive	Oilseed	Perennial	Jul–Aug	4–6 yr	6 × 6 m	6.0–8.0	400–700	15–35	Nursery	4–8 t	Olive fly, peacock spot
Jatropha	Oilseed	Perennial	Jun–Jul	3–4 yr	2 × 2 m	6.0–8.5	400–800	20–38	Cuttings	2–4 t	Scale, collar rot
Karanj (Pongamia)	Oilseed	Perennial	Jun–Jul	5–7 yr	5 × 5 m	6.5–8.5	500–1000	20–38	Nursery	3–6 t	Leaf webber, gall
Mahua	Oilseed	Perennial	Jun–Jul	8–12 yr	10 × 10 m	6.0–7.5	600–1200	20–40	Nursery	2–4 t	Leaf caterpillar, borer
Tamarillo	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	18–24 mo	3 × 2 m	5.8–7.0	800–1200	15–25	Nursery	15–20 t	Powdery mildew, aphid
Naranjilla	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	10–14 mo	2.5 × 2 m	5.5–6.5	1000–1500	17–24	Nursery	10–15 t	Nematode, fusarium
Pepino	Fruit	Perennial	Sep–Oct	4–6 mo	1 × 0.8 m	6.0–7.0	500–750	15–25	Nursery	25–40 t	Aphid, virus
Ground Cherry	Fruit	Kharif	Jun–Jul	70–90	90 × 60 cm	5.5–7.0	400–600	18–30	0.4–0.6 kg	8–12 t	Flea beetle, leaf spot
Goji Berry	Fruit	Perennial	Feb–Mar	2–3 yr	2 × 1.5 m	6.8–8.1	400–600	10–30	Nursery	6–10 t	Gall mite, aphid
Honeydew	Fruit	Zaid	Feb–Mar	80–100	150 × 60 cm	6.0–7.0	400–600	22–32	1–1.5 kg	18–25 t	Fruit fly, powdery mildew
Horned Melon	Fruit	Kharif	Jun–Jul	90–120	150 × 60 cm	6.0–7.0	400–600	20–30	2–3 kg	10–15 t	Fruit fly, aphid
Longan	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug	4–6 yr	8 × 8 m	5.5–6.5	1200–1600	20–33	Nursery	8–12 t	Fruit borer, litchi mite
Rambutan	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	5–6 yr	10 × 10 m	4.5–6.5	1500–2500	22–32	Nursery	10–15 t	Fruit borer, mealybug
Mangosteen	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	8–10 yr	8 × 8 m	5.0–6.5	1500–2500	25–35	Nursery	6–10 t	Gamboge, thrips
Durian	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	6–8 yr	10 × 10 m	5.5–6.5	1500–2500	24–32	Nursery	10–15 t	Phytophthora, fruit borer
Breadfruit	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	4–6 yr	10 × 10 m	6.0–7.0	1500–2500	21–32	Root cuttings	15–25 t	Fruit fly, mealybug
Soursop	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	3–4 yr	6 × 6 m	5.5–6.5	1000–1500	22–32	Nursery	8–12 t	Fruit borer, anthracnose
Cherimoya	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	3–5 yr	6 × 6 m	6.5–7.6	800–1200	13–25	Nursery	8–12 t	Fruit borer, mealybug
Atemoya	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	3–4 yr	6 × 5 m	6.0–7.5	900–1300	18–30	Nursery	8–14 t	Fruit borer, anthracnose
Bilimbi	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	3–4 yr	6 × 6 m	5.5–7.0	1200–1800	22–32	Nursery	15–25 t	Fruit fly, leaf spot
Kokum	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	6–8 yr	6 × 6 m	5.5–6.5	1500–2500	20–32	Nursery	4–8 t	Leaf spot, mealybug
Rose Apple	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	3–4 yr	7 × 7 m	5.5–7.0	1000–1500	20–32	Nursery	10–18 t	Fruit fly, leaf spot
Feijoa	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug	3–4 yr	5 × 4 m	5.5–7.0	700–1000	10–25	Nursery	10–15 t	Fruit fly, scale
Plantain	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	12–14 mo	2 × 2 m	6.0–7.5	1500–2000	20–32	Suckers	30–45 t	Sigatoka, weevil
Salak	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	4–5 yr	3 × 3 m	5.5–7.0	1500–2500	22–32	Nursery	10–15 t	Fruit rot, mealybug
Langsat	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	8–12 yr	8 × 8 m	5.5–6.5	1500–2500	22–32	Nursery	8–12 t	Fruit borer, leaf spot
Santol	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	5–7 yr	8 × 8 m	5.5–7.0	1200–2000	22–32	Nursery	15–25 t	Fruit fly, scale
Black Sapote	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	4–6 yr	8 × 8 m	6.0–7.5	1000–1500	20–32	Nursery	10–18 t	Fruit fly, scale
White Sapote	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	4–6 yr	8 × 8 m	5.5–7.5	800–1200	15–28	Nursery	10–15 t	Fruit fly, scale
Mamey Sapote	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	6–8 yr	10 × 10 m	6.0–7.5	1200–1800	22–32	Nursery	10–15 t	Fruit fly, anthracnose
Canistel	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	3–5 yr	7 × 7 m	5.5–7.5	1000–1500	20–32	Nursery	10–15 t	Fruit fly, scale
Lucuma	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	4–6 yr	7 × 7 m	6.0–7.5	800–1200	15–26	Nursery	8–14 t	Fruit fly, scale
Star Apple	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	5–7 yr	9 × 9 m	5.5–7.5	1200–1800	22–32	Nursery	10–18 t	Fruit fly, mealybug
Sugar Apple	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	3–4 yr	5 × 5 m	6.0–7.5	700–1000	20–32	Nursery	6–10 t	Mealybug, fruit borer
Quince	Fruit	Perennial	Jan–Feb	3–4 yr	5 × 4 m	6.0–7.5	600–900	10–24	Nursery	12–18 t	Fire blight, codling moth
Medlar	Fruit	Perennial	Jan–Feb	4–5 yr	5 × 5 m	6.0–7.5	600–900	8–24	Nursery	8–12 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Loquat	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug	3–4 yr	6 × 6 m	6.0–7.5	700–1000	15–30	Nursery	10–15 t	Fruit fly, pear blight
Nectarine	Fruit	Perennial	Jan–Feb	3–4 yr	5 × 4 m	6.0–7.0	600–900	10–28	Nursery	10–15 t	Leaf curl, fruit fly
Sea Buckthorn	Fruit	Perennial	Feb–Mar	3–4 yr	3 × 2 m	6.0–7.5	400–600	5–25	Nursery	4–8 t	Fusarium, moth
Jujube	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug	3–4 yr	6 × 6 m	6.0–8.0	400–600	15–35	Nursery	10–15 t	Fruit fly, powdery mildew
Passion Fruit	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	10–14 mo	300 × 300 cm	6.0–7.0	900–1400	20–30	Nursery	12–20 t	Fruit fly, woodiness virus
Star Fruit (Carambola)	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	3–4 yr	6 × 6 m	5.5–6.5	1200–1800	22–32	Nursery	15–25 t	Fruit fly, anthracnose
Lychee	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug	5–7 yr	8 × 8 m	5.0–7.0	1200–1800	20–35	Air layers	8–12 t	Litchi mite, fruit borer
Jamun	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug	6–8 yr	10 × 10 m	6.0–8.0	900–1500	20–38	Nursery	10–18 t	Fruit fly, leaf spot
Bael	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug	5–7 yr	8 × 8 m	6.0–8.0	600–1000	20–38	Nursery	10–15 t	Fruit canker, borer
Wood Apple	Fruit	Perennial	Jul–Aug	7–10 yr	8 × 8 m	6.0–8.0	500–1000	20–40	Nursery	8–12 t	Fruit borer, leaf spot
Apricot	Fruit	Perennial	Jan–Feb	3–4 yr	6 × 6 m	6.0–7.5	500–800	5–28	Nursery	8–14 t	Shot hole, aphid
Cherry	Fruit	Perennial	Jan–Feb	4–5 yr	6 × 6 m	6.0–7.5	600–900	5–25	Nursery	6–10 t	Fruit fly, brown rot
Persimmon	Fruit	Perennial	Jan–Feb	4–6 yr	6 × 6 m	6.0–7.5	700–1000	10–30	Nursery	10–18 t	Fruit fly, leaf spot
Mulberry	Fruit	Perennial	Jun–Jul	1–2 yr	2 × 2 m	6.0–7.5	700–1200	18–35	Cuttings	20–30 t leaf	Leaf spot, root knot
Chives	Herb	Perennial	Sep–Oct	70–90	25 × 15 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	12–24	4–6 kg	8–12 t	Thrips, rust
Basil	Herb	Kharif · Zaid	Feb–Mar, Jun	60–80	45 × 30 cm	5.5–7.0	400–600	18–30	2–3 kg	15–25 t	Downy mildew, aphid
Thai Basil	Herb	Kharif	Jun–Jul	60–80	45 × 30 cm	5.5–7.0	450–650	20–32	2–3 kg	15–22 t	Downy mildew, whitefly
Oregano	Herb	Perennial	Feb–Mar	90–120	45 × 30 cm	6.0–8.0	350–500	15–28	1–2 kg	6–10 t	Root rot, spider mite
Thyme	Herb	Perennial	Feb–Mar	90–120	40 × 25 cm	6.0–8.0	300–450	15–28	1–2 kg	5–8 t	Root rot, spider mite
Rosemary	Herb	Perennial	Feb–Mar	2–3 yr	90 × 60 cm	6.0–7.5	300–450	15–28	Cuttings	6–10 t	Root rot, scale
Sage	Herb	Perennial	Feb–Mar	90–150	60 × 40 cm	6.0–7.5	350–500	15–28	2–3 kg	6–9 t	Powdery mildew, root rot
Marjoram	Herb	Perennial	Feb–Mar	90–120	40 × 25 cm	6.5–8.0	350–500	15–28	1–2 kg	5–8 t	Root rot, aphid
Savory	Herb	Rabi	Sep–Oct	80–100	35 × 20 cm	6.0–7.5	300–450	15–26	2–3 kg	5–8 t	Root rot, aphid
Pandan	Herb	Perennial	Jun–Jul	12–18 mo	150 × 100 cm	5.5–6.5	1200–1800	22–32	Suckers	10–15 t	Leaf spot, mealybug
Kaffir Lime Leaf	Herb	Perennial	Jun–Jul	2–3 yr	4 × 4 m	5.5–7.0	900–1200	20–32	Nursery	6–10 t	Leaf miner, canker
Tarragon	Herb	Perennial	Feb–Mar	90–120	45 × 30 cm	6.0–7.5	350–500	13–24	Cuttings	5–8 t	Root rot, rust
Lovage	Herb	Perennial	Sep–Oct	120–150	60 × 45 cm	6.0–7.5	450–650	10–24	2–3 kg	10–15 t	Leaf miner, aphid
Angelica	Herb	Perennial	Sep–Oct	2 yr	90 × 60 cm	6.0–7.0	500–700	10–22	3–4 kg	8–12 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Chervil	Herb	Rabi	Sep–Nov	40–60	25 × 15 cm	6.0–7.0	300–450	10–20	3–4 kg	8–12 t	Aphid, downy mildew
Parsley	Herb	Rabi	Sep–Oct	70–90	30 × 15 cm	6.0–7.0	400–550	10–24	3–4 kg	12–18 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Mint Leaf	Herb	Perennial	Feb–Mar	90–120	45 × 30 cm	6.0–7.5	700–1000	20–30	Suckers	20–30 t	Rust, leaf spot
Curry Leaf	Herb	Perennial	Jun–Jul	18–24 mo	150 × 150 cm	6.0–7.5	700–1100	20–35	Nursery	10–15 t	Psyllid, leaf spot
Watercress	Aquatic	Perennial	Sep–Oct	50–70	20 × 15 cm	6.5–7.5	Flowing water	10–20	Cuttings	20–30 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Water Spinach	Aquatic	Kharif	Jun–Jul	40–60	30 × 20 cm	5.5–7.0	Flooded	22–32	Cuttings	25–40 t	Leaf beetle, white rust
Water Lily	Aquatic	Perennial	Mar–Apr	3–4 mo	150 × 150 cm	6.0–7.5	Ponded	18–32	Rhizomes	Ornamental	Aphid, leaf spot
Makhana (Foxnut)	Aquatic	Kharif	Dec–Feb	150–180	125 × 125 cm	6.0–7.5	Ponded 60–90 cm	20–35	80–100 kg	1.5–2.5 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Water Chestnut	Aquatic	Kharif	Jun–Jul	150–180	150 × 150 cm	6.5–7.5	Ponded 50–100 cm	20–32	150–200 kg	6–10 t	Leaf beetle, aphid
Lotus Root	Aquatic	Kharif	Mar–Apr	150–210	200 × 150 cm	6.0–7.5	Ponded 40–80 cm	20–32	Rhizomes	15–25 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Arrowhead	Aquatic	Kharif	Apr–May	120–150	45 × 45 cm	6.0–7.5	Ponded 15–30 cm	18–30	Corms	8–12 t	Leaf beetle, rot
Cattail	Aquatic	Perennial	Mar–Apr	12–18 mo	60 × 60 cm	5.5–7.5	Marshy	15–32	Rhizomes	20–30 t	Borer, leaf spot
Giant Swamp Taro	Aquatic	Perennial	Jun–Jul	18–24 mo	150 × 150 cm	5.5–7.0	Marshy	22–32	Suckers	20–35 t	Leaf blight, corm rot
Lotus	Aquatic	Kharif	Mar–Apr	5–7 mo	200 × 150 cm	6.0–7.5	Ponded 40–80 cm	20–32	Rhizomes	2–3 lakh blooms	Leaf spot, aphid
Chestnut	Nut	Perennial	Jan–Feb	5–7 yr	10 × 10 m	5.0–6.5	800–1200	10–24	Nursery	2–3 t	Blight, weevil
Macadamia	Nut	Perennial	Jun–Jul	5–7 yr	8 × 6 m	5.0–6.5	1000–1500	16–30	Nursery	2.5–4 t	Nut borer, husk spot
Grapefruit	Citrus	Perennial	Jul–Aug	3–4 yr	6 × 6 m	5.5–7.5	900–1200	15–35	Nursery	20–30 t	Citrus canker, leaf miner
Pomelo	Citrus	Perennial	Jul–Aug	4–5 yr	8 × 8 m	5.5–7.0	1000–1400	18–35	Nursery	20–30 t	Citrus canker, fruit fly
Citron	Citrus	Perennial	Jul–Aug	3–4 yr	5 × 5 m	5.5–7.5	800–1100	18–32	Nursery	15–25 t	Canker, leaf miner
Kumquat	Citrus	Perennial	Jul–Aug	3–4 yr	3 × 3 m	5.5–6.5	700–1000	12–30	Nursery	8–14 t	Leaf miner, scale
Rangpur Lime	Citrus	Perennial	Jul–Aug	3–4 yr	5 × 5 m	5.5–7.5	800–1100	18–35	Nursery	20–28 t	Canker, tristeza
Sweet Lime (Mosambi)	Citrus	Perennial	Jul–Aug	3–4 yr	6 × 6 m	5.5–7.5	900–1200	18–35	Nursery	20–30 t	Canker, leaf miner
Bergamot	Citrus	Perennial	Jul–Aug	3–4 yr	5 × 5 m	5.5–7.0	800–1100	15–30	Nursery	12–20 t	Canker, scale
Yuzu	Citrus	Perennial	Jul–Aug	4–6 yr	5 × 5 m	5.5–6.5	900–1300	5–28	Nursery	10–18 t	Canker, scab
Calamondin	Citrus	Perennial	Jul–Aug	2–3 yr	4 × 4 m	5.5–6.5	800–1100	18–32	Nursery	12–20 t	Leaf miner, scale
Finger Lime	Citrus	Perennial	Jul–Aug	4–5 yr	4 × 3 m	5.5–6.5	700–1000	12–32	Nursery	5–10 t	Scale, canker
Acid Lime	Citrus	Perennial	Jul–Aug	3–4 yr	5 × 5 m	5.5–7.5	800–1200	20–38	Nursery	15–25 t	Canker, leaf miner
Kaffir Lime	Citrus	Perennial	Jul–Aug	3–4 yr	4 × 4 m	5.5–7.0	900–1300	20–32	Nursery	10–15 t	Leaf miner, canker
Raspberry	Berry	Perennial	Jan–Feb	2 yr	250 × 50 cm	5.5–6.5	700–1000	10–24	Canes	6–10 t	Cane blight, spider mite
Blackberry	Berry	Perennial	Jan–Feb	2 yr	250 × 100 cm	5.5–7.0	700–1000	10–26	Canes	8–14 t	Cane blight, fruit fly
Blueberry	Berry	Perennial	Jan–Feb	3–4 yr	300 × 120 cm	4.0–5.5	800–1100	5–25	Nursery	6–10 t	Mummy berry, fruit fly
Cranberry	Berry	Perennial	Apr–May	3–4 yr	30 × 30 cm	4.0–5.5	Flooded beds	5–22	Cuttings	15–25 t	Fruit rot, fireworm
Gooseberry	Berry	Perennial	Jan–Feb	2–3 yr	180 × 150 cm	5.5–7.0	600–900	5–24	Nursery	6–10 t	Powdery mildew, sawfly
Blackcurrant	Berry	Perennial	Jan–Feb	2–3 yr	180 × 120 cm	6.0–6.8	600–900	5–24	Nursery	5–9 t	Gall mite, leaf spot
Redcurrant	Berry	Perennial	Jan–Feb	2–3 yr	180 × 120 cm	6.0–7.0	600–900	5–24	Nursery	5–8 t	Aphid, leaf spot
Elderberry	Berry	Perennial	Jan–Feb	2–3 yr	300 × 180 cm	5.5–7.5	700–1000	5–26	Cuttings	8–14 t	Aphid, borer
Boysenberry	Berry	Perennial	Jan–Feb	2 yr	250 × 150 cm	5.5–7.0	700–1000	10–26	Canes	8–12 t	Cane blight, fruit fly
Loganberry	Berry	Perennial	Jan–Feb	2 yr	250 × 150 cm	5.5–7.0	700–1000	10–26	Canes	7–11 t	Cane blight, aphid
Cape Gooseberry	Berry	Kharif	Jun–Jul	150–180	90 × 60 cm	5.5–7.5	500–750	13–28	0.3–0.5 kg	12–20 t	Fruit borer, leaf spot
Anise	Spice	Rabi	Oct–Nov	110–130	30 × 15 cm	6.0–7.5	300–450	12–25	8–10 kg	0.7–1 t	Aphid, blight
Star Anise	Spice	Perennial	Jun–Jul	6–8 yr	6 × 6 m	5.5–6.5	1500–2500	15–28	Nursery	1.5–3 t	Leaf spot, borer
Celery Seed	Spice	Rabi	Sep–Oct	140–170	45 × 25 cm	6.0–7.0	500–700	12–22	1–2 kg	0.8–1.2 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Nigella (Kalonji)	Spice	Rabi	Oct–Nov	130–150	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	250–400	10–25	8–10 kg	0.6–1 t	Aphid, root rot
Caraway	Spice	Rabi	Oct–Nov	150–180	30 × 15 cm	6.0–7.5	300–450	8–22	8–10 kg	0.6–1 t	Aphid, blight
Long Pepper (Pippali)	Spice	Perennial	Jun–Jul	2–3 yr	150 × 60 cm	5.5–7.0	1500–2500	20–32	Cuttings	0.8–1.5 t	Leaf spot, mealybug
Cubeb	Spice	Perennial	Jun–Jul	3–4 yr	250 × 250 cm	5.5–6.5	1800–2500	20–30	Cuttings	0.6–1 t	Leaf spot, borer
Galangal	Spice	Kharif	May–Jun	9–10 mo	45 × 30 cm	5.5–7.0	1500–2000	20–32	1500–2000 kg	12–18 t	Rhizome rot, shoot borer
Zedoary	Spice	Kharif	May–Jun	8–9 mo	30 × 25 cm	5.5–7.0	1200–1800	20–32	1500–2000 kg	10–15 t	Rhizome rot, leaf spot
Mango Ginger	Spice	Kharif	May–Jun	8–9 mo	30 × 25 cm	5.5–7.0	1200–1800	20–32	1500–2000 kg	12–18 t	Rhizome rot, shoot borer
Asafoetida (Hing)	Spice	Perennial	Sep–Oct	4–5 yr	90 × 60 cm	6.5–7.5	250–400	10–25	4–6 kg	0.05–0.1 t	Root rot, aphid
Allspice	Spice	Perennial	Jun–Jul	5–7 yr	7 × 7 m	5.5–7.0	1200–2000	20–32	Nursery	1–2 t	Leaf rust, scale
Poppy Seed	Spice	Rabi	Oct–Nov	120–150	30 × 20 cm	6.5–7.5	350–500	10–25	6–8 kg	0.6–1 t	Downy mildew, aphid
Bay Leaf (Tejpat)	Spice	Perennial	Jun–Jul	5–7 yr	5 × 5 m	5.5–7.0	1200–2000	15–30	Nursery	2–4 t	Leaf spot, scale
Saffron	Spice	Rabi	Aug–Sep	90–110	20 × 10 cm	6.0–8.0	300–450	10–22	6–8 t corms	3–5 kg	Corm rot, mite
Cinchona	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Jul	8–12 yr	2 × 2 m	4.5–6.0	1800–3000	15–25	Nursery	2–4 t	Root rot, leaf spot
Pyrethrum	Plantation	Perennial	Sep–Oct	2–3 yr	45 × 30 cm	5.5–7.0	800–1200	10–22	Splits	0.8–1.5 t	Aphid, root rot
Citronella	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Jul	6–8 mo	60 × 45 cm	5.5–7.5	1000–1500	20–32	Slips	20–30 t	Leaf blight, mite
Palmarosa	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Jul	5–6 mo	60 × 45 cm	6.0–8.0	700–1000	20–35	4–5 kg	15–25 t	Leaf blight, mite
Sago Palm	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Jul	8–12 yr	8 × 8 m	4.5–6.5	2000–3000	22–32	Suckers	15–25 t	Weevil, leaf spot
Rattan	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Jul	7–10 yr	4 × 4 m	4.5–6.5	2000–3000	22–32	Nursery	2–4 t	Borer, leaf spot
Betel Vine	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Jul	6–8 mo	60 × 30 cm	6.5–7.5	1500–2000	20–32	Cuttings	50–60 lakh leaves	Foot rot, leaf spot
Palmyra	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Jul	12–15 yr	10 × 10 m	6.0–8.0	500–1200	20–40	Seed nuts	Neera + fibre	Rhinoceros beetle, leaf rot
Bamboo	Plantation	Perennial	Jun–Jul	4–6 yr	5 × 5 m	5.0–7.0	1000–2000	18–35	Rhizomes	8–15 t	Shoot borer, witches broom
Kapok	Fibre	Perennial	Jun–Jul	4–6 yr	8 × 8 m	5.5–7.5	1000–1500	20–35	Nursery	0.4–0.8 t	Stainer bug, leaf spot
Abaca	Fibre	Perennial	Jun–Jul	18–24 mo	3 × 2 m	5.0–6.5	1800–2500	22–32	Suckers	2–3 t	Bunchy top, weevil
Roselle	Fibre	Kharif	Jun–Jul	150–180	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	500–800	20–32	20–25 kg	2–3 t	Stem rot, mealybug
Sansevieria	Fibre	Perennial	Jun–Jul	2–3 yr	60 × 45 cm	6.0–7.5	500–800	18–35	Suckers	2–4 t	Leaf spot, mealybug
Agave	Fibre	Perennial	Jun–Jul	4–6 yr	2 × 1 m	6.0–8.0	400–800	18–38	Suckers	2–4 t fibre	Weevil, leaf spot
Sisal	Fibre	Perennial	Jun–Jul	3–5 yr	2 × 1 m	6.0–8.0	500–900	20–38	Bulbils	2–3 t fibre	Weevil, zebra disease
Flax	Fibre	Rabi	Oct–Nov	110–130	20 cm rows	5.5–7.0	350–500	10–25	80–100 kg	1.5–2.5 t fibre	Rust, wilt
Ramie	Fibre	Perennial	Jun–Jul	4–6 mo	60 × 30 cm	5.5–6.5	1200–1800	20–32	Rhizomes	2.5–4 t fibre	Leaf spot, root rot
Coir	Fibre	Perennial	Jun–Jul	6–8 yr	7.5 × 7.5 m	5.5–7.5	1200–2000	22–35	Seed nuts	0.8–1.2 t fibre	Rhinoceros beetle, wilt
Hemp (Fibre)	Fibre	Kharif	Jun–Jul	100–120	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	15–27	40–50 kg	6–9 t stalk	Grey mould, borer
Lily	Flower	Rabi	Oct–Nov	90–120	20 × 15 cm	6.0–7.0	500–700	12–24	Bulbs	1–2 lakh stems	Botrytis, aphid
Bougainvillea	Flower	Perennial	Jun–Jul	12–18 mo	200 × 200 cm	5.5–7.5	500–800	15–35	Cuttings	Ornamental	Mealybug, leaf spot
Canna	Flower	Kharif	Jun–Jul	90–120	60 × 45 cm	6.0–7.5	700–1000	18–32	Rhizomes	Ornamental	Leaf roller, rust
Dahlia	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Oct	100–130	60 × 45 cm	6.0–7.0	500–700	12–24	Tubers	1.5–2 lakh blooms	Thrips, virus
Zinnia	Flower	Kharif · Rabi	Jun–Jul, Oct	60–75	30 × 30 cm	5.5–7.5	400–600	18–30	2–3 kg	4–6 lakh blooms	Powdery mildew, leaf spot
Cosmos	Flower	Kharif	Jun–Jul	70–90	45 × 30 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	18–30	2–3 kg	Ornamental	Aphid, powdery mildew
Petunia	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Oct	70–90	30 × 25 cm	6.0–7.0	400–550	13–25	0.2–0.3 kg	Ornamental	Aphid, botrytis
Impatiens	Flower	Kharif	Jun–Jul	60–80	30 × 25 cm	5.5–6.5	600–900	18–28	0.2–0.3 kg	Ornamental	Downy mildew, mite
Begonia	Flower	Perennial	Jun–Jul	90–120	25 × 25 cm	5.5–6.5	Misted	16–26	Tissue plants	Ornamental	Powdery mildew, thrips
Pansy	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Oct	70–90	25 × 20 cm	5.5–6.5	400–550	10–20	0.3–0.5 kg	Ornamental	Aphid, leaf spot
Nasturtium	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Oct	55–70	30 × 25 cm	6.0–7.5	350–500	13–24	8–10 kg	Ornamental	Aphid, leaf miner
Sweet Pea	Flower	Rabi	Oct–Nov	90–120	45 × 20 cm	6.5–7.5	400–600	10–20	40–50 kg	Ornamental	Powdery mildew, aphid
Snapdragon	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Oct	90–120	30 × 25 cm	6.0–7.0	450–650	10–22	0.2–0.3 kg	2–3 lakh spikes	Rust, aphid
Stock	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Oct	90–110	30 × 25 cm	6.5–7.5	400–600	10–20	0.3–0.4 kg	Ornamental	Downy mildew, aphid
Alyssum	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Oct	60–75	20 × 15 cm	6.0–7.5	300–450	10–24	0.2–0.3 kg	Ornamental	Aphid, downy mildew
Verbena	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Oct	70–90	30 × 25 cm	6.0–7.0	400–550	15–28	0.2–0.3 kg	Ornamental	Powdery mildew, thrips
Salvia	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Oct	80–100	30 × 30 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	15–28	0.2–0.3 kg	Ornamental	Whitefly, root rot
Celosia	Flower	Kharif	Jun–Jul	70–90	30 × 25 cm	6.0–7.0	400–600	18–30	0.3–0.5 kg	3–5 lakh spikes	Leaf spot, aphid
Gomphrena	Flower	Kharif	Jun–Jul	75–95	30 × 25 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	18–32	0.3–0.5 kg	Ornamental	Leaf spot, aphid
Helichrysum	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Oct	90–110	30 × 25 cm	6.0–7.5	350–500	13–26	0.2–0.3 kg	Ornamental	Aphid, downy mildew
Statice	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Oct	110–130	30 × 25 cm	6.5–7.5	350–500	13–26	0.3–0.4 kg	2–3 lakh stems	Botrytis, aphid
China Aster	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Oct	90–120	30 × 30 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	15–25	0.4–0.5 kg	3–4 lakh blooms	Wilt, aphid
Gypsophila	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Oct	100–120	40 × 30 cm	6.5–7.5	400–550	10–24	Cuttings	1.5–2 lakh stems	Botrytis, root rot
Alstroemeria	Flower	Perennial	Sep–Oct	10–12 mo	40 × 30 cm	6.0–6.8	500–700	13–22	Rhizomes	100–150 stems/m²	Botrytis, thrips
Iris	Flower	Rabi	Sep–Oct	90–120	30 × 25 cm	6.0–7.5	450–650	10–24	Rhizomes	Ornamental	Rhizome rot, thrips
Heliconia	Flower	Perennial	Jun–Jul	12–18 mo	200 × 150 cm	5.5–6.5	1500–2500	20–32	Rhizomes	15–25 stems/clump	Root rot, mealybug
Bird of Paradise	Flower	Perennial	Jun–Jul	3–4 yr	200 × 150 cm	6.0–7.5	800–1200	18–30	Suckers	8–12 stems/plant	Scale, root rot
Plumeria	Flower	Perennial	Jun–Jul	2–3 yr	4 × 4 m	6.0–7.5	600–900	18–35	Cuttings	Ornamental	Rust, stem rot
Ixora	Flower	Perennial	Jun–Jul	18–24 mo	120 × 90 cm	5.5–6.5	800–1200	20–32	Cuttings	Ornamental	Scale, leaf spot
Vinca (Periwinkle)	Flower	Kharif	Jun–Jul	70–90	30 × 30 cm	5.5–7.0	400–600	20–32	0.3–0.5 kg	Ornamental	Dieback, aphid
Coleus	Flower	Kharif	Jun–Jul	60–90	30 × 25 cm	6.0–7.0	500–750	18–30	Cuttings	Ornamental	Downy mildew, mealybug
Tulip	Flower	Rabi	Oct–Nov	70–90	20 × 15 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	5–18	Bulbs	1–1.5 lakh stems	Botrytis, bulb rot
Hyacinth	Flower	Rabi	Oct–Nov	80–100	20 × 15 cm	6.0–7.0	350–500	5–18	Bulbs	1–1.5 lakh stems	Bulb rot, aphid
Torch Ginger	Flower	Perennial	Jun–Jul	18–24 mo	200 × 150 cm	5.5–6.5	1800–2500	22–32	Rhizomes	10–20 stems/clump	Root rot, mealybug
Crossandra	Flower	Perennial	Jun–Jul	4–5 mo	45 × 30 cm	6.0–7.5	700–1000	20–32	Cuttings	8–12 t blooms	Nematode, wilt
Hibiscus	Flower	Perennial	Jun–Jul	12–18 mo	150 × 100 cm	6.0–7.0	800–1200	20–35	Cuttings	Ornamental	Mealybug, leaf spot
Sarpagandha	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	18–30 mo	45 × 30 cm	6.0–7.5	1000–1500	20–32	5–6 kg	1.5–2.5 t	Root rot, leaf spot
Haritaki	Medicinal	Perennial	Jul–Aug	8–10 yr	8 × 8 m	5.5–7.5	1000–1500	20–35	Nursery	1.5–3 t	Leaf spot, borer
Bibhitaki	Medicinal	Perennial	Jul–Aug	8–10 yr	10 × 10 m	5.5–7.5	900–1400	20–35	Nursery	2–4 t	Leaf spot, borer
Guduchi (Giloy)	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	12–18 mo	200 × 200 cm	6.0–7.5	800–1200	20–35	Cuttings	3–5 t	Leaf spot, mealybug
Shankhapushpi	Medicinal	Kharif	Jun–Jul	120–150	30 × 20 cm	6.0–7.5	500–700	18–32	3–4 kg	1.5–2.5 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Jatamansi	Medicinal	Perennial	Apr–May	2–3 yr	30 × 20 cm	5.5–6.5	800–1200	5–20	Rhizomes	1–1.5 t	Root rot, aphid
Vacha	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	10–12 mo	45 × 30 cm	5.5–7.0	Marshy	18–30	Rhizomes	3–5 t	Rhizome rot, leaf spot
Chitrak	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	18–24 mo	60 × 45 cm	6.0–7.5	700–1000	20–32	Cuttings	2–3 t	Root rot, mealybug
Manjishtha	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	2–3 yr	100 × 60 cm	6.0–7.5	900–1400	15–28	Cuttings	2–3 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Vidanga	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	3–4 yr	300 × 300 cm	5.5–7.0	1200–2000	20–32	Nursery	0.8–1.5 t	Leaf spot, borer
Bilva (Bael)	Medicinal	Perennial	Jul–Aug	5–7 yr	8 × 8 m	6.0–8.0	600–1000	20–38	Nursery	10–15 t	Fruit canker, borer
Shatavari	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	18–24 mo	60 × 45 cm	6.0–7.5	700–1000	20–32	Crowns	8–12 t	Root rot, aphid
Gokshura	Medicinal	Kharif	Jun–Jul	90–120	30 × 20 cm	6.5–8.0	300–500	22–35	5–6 kg	1–1.5 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Guggul	Medicinal	Perennial	Jul–Aug	8–10 yr	3 × 3 m	6.5–8.5	250–450	20–40	Cuttings	0.3–0.6 t	Stem borer, scale
Mulethi (Liquorice)	Medicinal	Perennial	Feb–Mar	3–4 yr	60 × 45 cm	6.0–8.2	400–600	15–30	Rhizomes	4–6 t	Root rot, aphid
Bhringraj	Medicinal	Kharif	Jun–Jul	90–120	30 × 20 cm	6.0–7.5	700–1000	20–32	2–3 kg	8–12 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Gudmar	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	2–3 yr	200 × 150 cm	6.0–7.5	800–1200	20–32	Cuttings	1.5–2.5 t	Leaf spot, mealybug
Kutki	Medicinal	Perennial	Apr–May	2–3 yr	30 × 20 cm	5.5–6.5	1000–1500	5–18	Rhizomes	0.8–1.2 t	Root rot, leaf spot
Nirgundi	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	12–18 mo	150 × 100 cm	6.0–7.5	700–1000	20–35	Cuttings	6–10 t	Leaf spot, mealybug
Bakuchi	Medicinal	Kharif	Jun–Jul	150–180	45 × 30 cm	6.5–8.0	400–600	20–35	5–6 kg	1–1.5 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Vasaka	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	12–18 mo	90 × 60 cm	6.0–7.5	700–1100	20–32	Cuttings	8–12 t	Leaf spot, mealybug
Arjuna	Medicinal	Perennial	Jul–Aug	8–10 yr	8 × 8 m	6.0–8.0	900–1500	20–38	Nursery	2–4 t	Leaf spot, borer
Ashoka	Medicinal	Perennial	Jul–Aug	6–8 yr	6 × 6 m	5.5–7.0	1200–2000	20–35	Nursery	1.5–3 t	Leaf spot, scale
Lodhra	Medicinal	Perennial	Jul–Aug	6–8 yr	5 × 5 m	5.5–7.0	1200–2000	18–32	Nursery	1.5–2.5 t	Leaf spot, borer
Kaunch	Medicinal	Kharif	Jun–Jul	150–180	75 × 30 cm	5.0–6.5	600–900	20–30	20–25 kg	1–1.5 t	Pod borer, leaf spot
Pushkarmool	Medicinal	Perennial	Apr–May	2 yr	45 × 30 cm	6.0–7.5	700–1000	10–24	Rhizomes	1.5–2.5 t	Root rot, aphid
Daruharidra	Medicinal	Perennial	Feb–Mar	4–5 yr	150 × 100 cm	5.5–7.0	800–1200	10–25	Nursery	2–3 t	Leaf spot, rust
Neem	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	5–8 yr	6 × 6 m	6.0–8.5	400–1000	20–40	Nursery	2–4 t	Scale, dieback
Brahmi	Medicinal	Perennial	Jun–Jul	4–6 mo	30 × 20 cm	5.5–7.0	Marshy	20–32	Cuttings	10–15 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Kalmegh	Medicinal	Kharif	Jun–Jul	120–150	30 × 20 cm	5.5–7.5	600–900	20–32	2–3 kg	2–3 t	Leaf spot, wilt
Periwinkle	Medicinal	Kharif	Jun–Jul	150–180	45 × 30 cm	5.5–7.5	500–800	20–32	2–3 kg	3–4 t	Dieback, aphid
Stylo	Fodder	Kharif	Jun–Jul	70–90	45 × 30 cm	5.0–7.0	600–900	20–32	5–6 kg	25–35 t	Anthracnose, stem borer
Hedge Lucerne	Fodder	Perennial	Jun–Jul	75–90	50 × 30 cm	6.0–7.5	600–900	20–35	10–12 kg	80–100 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Dhaincha	Fodder	Kharif	Jun–Jul	45–60	30 × 15 cm	6.0–8.5	500–800	20–35	25–30 kg	20–25 t	Stem borer, leaf spot
Para Grass	Fodder	Perennial	Jun–Jul	60–75	50 × 50 cm	5.5–7.5	Waterlogged	20–35	Slips	80–120 t	Leaf blight, armyworm
Rhodes Grass	Fodder	Perennial	Jun–Jul	60–75	50 × 30 cm	5.5–8.0	600–900	20–32	3–4 kg	40–60 t	Leaf blight, armyworm
Buffel Grass	Fodder	Perennial	Jun–Jul	60–80	50 × 50 cm	6.0–8.5	300–500	20–38	4–5 kg	30–45 t	Leaf blight, smut
Sudan Grass	Fodder	Kharif	Jun–Jul	55–70	30 × 10 cm	6.0–7.5	400–600	20–35	25–30 kg	45–60 t	Shoot fly, leaf spot
Fodder Beet	Fodder	Rabi	Oct–Nov	150–180	50 × 25 cm	6.0–7.5	500–700	10–24	6–8 kg	80–120 t	Leaf spot, aphid
Teosinte	Fodder	Kharif	Jun–Jul	70–90	45 × 20 cm	5.5–7.5	500–750	20–35	30–40 kg	40–60 t	Stem borer, leaf blight
Bermuda Grass	Fodder	Perennial	Jun–Jul	60–75	30 × 30 cm	5.5–8.0	500–800	20–35	Slips	25–40 t	Leaf spot, armyworm
Setaria	Fodder	Perennial	Jun–Jul	60–75	50 × 30 cm	5.5–7.5	700–1000	18–32	3–4 kg	50–70 t	Leaf blight, rust
Signal Grass	Fodder	Perennial	Jun–Jul	60–80	50 × 40 cm	4.5–7.0	800–1200	20–35	4–6 kg	40–60 t	Spittlebug, leaf blight
Guinea Grass	Fodder	Perennial	Jun–Jul	60–75	60 × 40 cm	5.5–7.5	800–1200	20–35	2.5–3 kg	80–120 t	Leaf blight, armyworm
Dinanath Grass	Fodder	Kharif	Jun–Jul	55–70	40 × 25 cm	6.0–7.5	500–800	20–35	4–5 kg	35–50 t	Leaf blight, shoot fly
Fodder Oats	Fodder	Rabi	Oct–Nov	55–70	25 cm rows	5.5–7.0	350–500	10–25	80–100 kg	35–50 t green	Rust, aphid
Teak	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	20–60 yr	3 × 3 m	6.5–7.5	1200–2500	22–38	Stumps	5–8 m³/yr	Teak defoliator, skeletoniser
Sal	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	60–120 yr	3 × 3 m	5.5–7.0	1000–2000	20–38	Nursery	3–5 m³/yr	Sal borer, heart rot
Eucalyptus	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	6–10 yr	2 × 2 m	5.5–7.5	800–1500	18–35	Clones	15–25 m³/yr	Gall wasp, termite
Poplar	Tree	Perennial	Jan–Feb	5–8 yr	5 × 4 m	6.0–8.0	900–1500	10–35	Entire plants	20–30 m³/yr	Defoliator, stem borer
Casuarina	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	4–7 yr	2 × 2 m	6.0–8.5	700–1200	20–38	Seedlings	20–30 m³/yr	Blister bark, termite
Mahogany	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	25–40 yr	4 × 4 m	5.5–7.5	1200–2500	20–35	Nursery	4–7 m³/yr	Shoot borer, leaf spot
Rosewood	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	40–60 yr	5 × 5 m	6.0–7.5	1000–2000	20–35	Nursery	3–5 m³/yr	Stem borer, heart rot
Sandalwood	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	15–30 yr	4 × 4 m	6.0–7.5	600–1200	12–35	Nursery	0.5–1 t heartwood	Spike disease, borer
Red Sanders	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	25–40 yr	4 × 4 m	6.0–7.5	500–900	20–38	Nursery	0.4–0.8 t heartwood	Stem borer, root rot
Deodar	Tree	Perennial	Mar–Apr	60–100 yr	3 × 3 m	5.5–7.0	1000–1800	5–25	Nursery	3–5 m³/yr	Bark beetle, root rot
Chir Pine	Tree	Perennial	Mar–Apr	40–60 yr	3 × 3 m	5.0–6.5	900–1600	10–30	Nursery	4–6 m³/yr	Bark beetle, needle blight
Oak	Tree	Perennial	Mar–Apr	60–120 yr	4 × 4 m	5.5–7.0	1000–2000	5–28	Nursery	2–4 m³/yr	Defoliator, powdery mildew
Shisham	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	20–30 yr	4 × 4 m	6.0–8.0	700–1300	15–38	Nursery	5–8 m³/yr	Dieback, stem borer
Gamhar	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	8–15 yr	3 × 3 m	5.5–7.5	900–1800	20–35	Nursery	10–15 m³/yr	Defoliator, stem borer
Kadam	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	10–15 yr	4 × 4 m	5.5–7.5	1000–2000	20–35	Nursery	10–14 m³/yr	Stem borer, leaf spot
Subabul	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	4–8 yr	2 × 2 m	6.0–8.0	700–1500	20–35	6–8 kg	12–20 m³/yr	Psyllid, root rot
Gliricidia	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	2–4 yr	2 × 1 m	5.5–7.5	800–1500	20–35	Cuttings	20–30 t green	Leaf spot, stem borer
Sesbania	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	1–3 yr	2 × 1 m	6.0–8.5	600–1200	20–38	10–12 kg	20–30 t green	Stem borer, leaf spot
Melia (Malabar Neem)	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	6–10 yr	3 × 3 m	6.0–7.5	800–1500	18–35	Nursery	12–18 m³/yr	Shoot borer, leaf spot
Ailanthus	Tree	Perennial	Jun–Jul	8–12 yr	4 × 4 m	6.0–8.0	500–1000	18–38	Nursery	10–15 m³/yr	Defoliator, stem borer

Group

Season

Sowing

Spacing

Soil pH

Temp °C

Seed / ha

Yield / ha

Watch for

Rice

Cereal

Kharif

Jun–Jul

120–150

20 × 15 cm

5.5–6.5

1200–1800

22–32

40–50 kg

4–6 t

Stem borer, blast, BPH

Wheat

Cereal

Rabi

Nov–Dec

120–150

22 cm rows

6.0–7.5

400–650

15–25

100–125 kg

4–5 t

Yellow rust, aphid, termite

Maize

Cereal

Kharif · Rabi

Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov

90–110

60 × 20 cm

5.5–7.5

500–800

21–30

18–20 kg

5–8 t

Fall armyworm, stem borer

Barley

Cereal

Rabi

Nov–Dec

110–130

22 cm rows

6.5–8.0

300–450

12–25

75–100 kg

3–4 t

Aphid, yellow rust

Oats

Cereal

Rabi

Oct–Nov

100–120

22 cm rows

5.5–7.0

350–500

15–25

80–100 kg

2.5–3.5 t

Rust, aphid

Buckwheat

Cereal

Rabi

Sep–Oct

75–90

30 × 10 cm

5.0–7.0

300–450

15–25

40–50 kg

1–1.5 t

Aphid, leaf spot

Grain Amaranth

Cereal

Kharif · Rabi

Jun–Jul, Oct

90–110

45 × 20 cm

5.5–7.5

300–450

20–30

2–3 kg

1–1.5 t

Stem weevil, leaf webber

Sorghum (Jowar)

Millet

Kharif · Rabi

Jun–Jul, Sep–Oct

100–120

45 × 15 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

26–32

10–12 kg

2.5–4 t

Shoot fly, midge, downy mildew

Pearl Millet (Bajra)

Millet

Kharif

Jun–Jul

75–90

45 × 15 cm

6.5–7.8

350–500

25–35

4–5 kg

2–3 t

Downy mildew, ergot

Finger Millet (Ragi)

Millet

Kharif

Jun–Jul

100–120

30 × 10 cm

5.0–7.5

400–600

20–30

10–12 kg

2–3 t

Blast, stem borer

Foxtail Millet

Millet

Kharif

Jun–Jul

70–90

25 × 10 cm

5.5–7.0

250–400

20–30

8–10 kg

1.5–2 t

Blast, shoot fly

Kodo Millet

Millet

Kharif

Jun–Jul

100–120

25 × 10 cm

5.5–7.5

300–450

25–32

10–12 kg

1–1.5 t

Head smut, shoot fly

Little Millet

Millet

Kharif

Jun–Jul

70–90

25 × 10 cm

5.5–7.5

250–400

22–32

8–10 kg

0.8–1.2 t

Shoot fly, grain smut

Barnyard Millet

Millet

Kharif

Jun–Jul

75–90

25 × 10 cm

5.5–7.0

250–400

22–30

10–12 kg

1–1.5 t

Grain smut, shoot fly

Proso Millet

Millet

Kharif · Zaid

Jun–Jul, Feb

60–75

25 × 10 cm

5.5–7.5

200–350

20–30

10–12 kg

1–1.5 t

Shoot fly, head smut

Chickpea (Gram)

Pulse

Rabi

Oct–Nov

95–120

30 × 10 cm

6.0–8.0

250–400

15–25

75–100 kg

1.5–2.5 t

Pod borer, wilt

Pigeon Pea (Tur)

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

150–180

60 × 20 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

20–30

12–15 kg

1.5–2 t

Pod borer, wilt, sterility mosaic

Green Gram (Moong)

Pulse

Kharif · Zaid

Jun–Jul, Mar–Apr

60–75

30 × 10 cm

6.2–7.2

250–350

25–35

15–20 kg

0.8–1.2 t

Yellow mosaic, thrips

Black Gram (Urad)

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

70–90

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

250–400

25–35

15–20 kg

0.8–1.2 t

Yellow mosaic, powdery mildew

Lentil (Masur)

Pulse

Rabi

Oct–Nov

100–120

25 × 5 cm

6.0–7.5

200–350

15–25

30–40 kg

1–1.5 t

Rust, wilt, aphid

Cowpea

Pulse

Kharif · Zaid

Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar

70–90

45 × 15 cm

5.5–7.5

250–400

25–35

20–25 kg

1–1.5 t

Aphid, pod borer

Field Pea

Pulse

Rabi

Oct–Nov

100–130

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

250–400

13–23

75–100 kg

1.5–2.5 t

Powdery mildew, pod borer

Horse Gram

Pulse

Kharif · Rabi

Aug–Sep

110–130

30 × 10 cm

5.0–7.5

200–300

20–30

25–30 kg

0.6–1 t

Leaf spot, pod borer

Moth Bean

Pulse

Kharif

Jul

70–90

30 × 10 cm

6.0–8.0

150–300

25–35

10–12 kg

0.5–0.8 t

Yellow mosaic, jassid

Rajma (Kidney Bean)

Pulse

Rabi

Oct–Nov

110–130

40 × 15 cm

5.5–6.5

300–450

15–25

80–100 kg

1.5–2 t

Anthracnose, bean fly

Faba Bean

Pulse

Rabi

Oct–Nov

120–150

45 × 15 cm

6.0–7.5

350–500

12–22

100–120 kg

2–3 t

Chocolate spot, aphid

Lablab (Sem)

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

110–140

60 × 30 cm

5.5–7.5

300–450

20–30

15–20 kg

1–1.5 t

Pod borer, aphid

Cluster Bean (Guar)

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

90–110

45 × 20 cm

7.0–8.5

250–400

25–35

15–20 kg

1–1.5 t

Bacterial blight, jassid

Groundnut

Oilseed

Kharif

Jun–Jul

100–130

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.0

500–700

25–30

100–120 kg

2–2.5 t

Leaf miner, tikka leaf spot

Mustard

Oilseed

Rabi

Oct–Nov

110–140

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

250–400

10–25

4–5 kg

1.5–2 t

Aphid, white rust, alternaria

Rapeseed (Toria)

Oilseed

Rabi

Sep–Oct

85–100

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

200–350

10–25

4–5 kg

1–1.5 t

Aphid, alternaria blight

Soybean

Oilseed

Kharif

Jun–Jul

90–110

45 × 5 cm

6.0–7.5

450–700

20–30

65–75 kg

2–2.5 t

Girdle beetle, yellow mosaic

Sunflower

Oilseed

Rabi · Zaid

Oct–Nov, Jan–Feb

90–110

60 × 30 cm

6.5–8.0

400–600

20–28

8–10 kg

1.5–2 t

Head borer, necrosis, downy mildew

Sesame (Til)

Oilseed

Kharif · Zaid

Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar

80–95

30 × 15 cm

5.5–8.0

300–450

25–32

4–5 kg

0.6–1 t

Phyllody, leaf webber

Castor

Oilseed

Kharif

Jun–Aug

150–180

90 × 60 cm

5.5–7.5

500–700

20–30

5–8 kg

1.5–2.5 t

Semilooper, capsule borer, wilt

Safflower

Oilseed

Rabi

Oct–Nov

120–140

45 × 20 cm

6.0–8.0

250–400

15–25

10–15 kg

1–1.5 t

Aphid, wilt, alternaria

Linseed

Oilseed

Rabi

Oct–Nov

110–130

25 × 5 cm

6.0–7.5

250–400

15–25

25–30 kg

1–1.5 t

Bud fly, rust, wilt

Niger

Oilseed

Kharif

Jul–Aug

90–110

30 × 10 cm

5.5–7.0

300–450

18–28

5–6 kg

0.4–0.6 t

Leaf spot, capsule fly

Cotton

Fibre

Kharif

May–Jun

160–200

90 × 60 cm

6.0–8.0

700–1200

21–30

1.5–2.5 kg (Bt)

2–3 t seed cotton

Pink bollworm, whitefly, jassid

Jute

Fibre

Kharif

Mar–May

110–140

25 × 7 cm

6.0–7.5

500–750

24–35

5–8 kg

2.5–3 t fibre

Stem rot, semilooper

Mesta (Kenaf)

Fibre

Kharif

Apr–Jun

120–150

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

450–700

22–32

12–15 kg

2–2.5 t fibre

Stem rot, spiral borer

Sunn Hemp

Fibre

Kharif

Jun–Jul

100–120

30 × 10 cm

5.5–7.5

350–500

22–32

25–30 kg

1.5–2 t fibre

Hairy caterpillar, wilt

Sugarcane

Plantation

Perennial

Oct–Nov, Feb–Mar

300–365

90–120 cm rows

6.5–7.5

1500–2500

20–35

35–40 k setts

80–100 t

Early shoot borer, red rot, woolly aphid

Tea

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Aug (planting)

3–4 yr to pluck

1.2 × 0.75 m

4.5–5.5

2000–2500

18–30

13 k plants

2–3 t made tea

Red spider mite, blister blight

Coffee

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

3–4 yr to bear

2.5 × 2.5 m

6.0–6.5

1500–2000

15–28

1,600 plants

1–1.5 t clean

White stem borer, leaf rust

Rubber

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

6–7 yr to tap

4.9 × 4.9 m

4.5–6.0

2000–3000

25–34

420 plants

1.5–2 t dry rubber

Abnormal leaf fall, pink disease

Coconut

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

5–6 yr to bear

7.5 × 7.5 m

5.5–7.5

1300–2300

20–32

175 palms

80–120 nuts/palm

Rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, root wilt

Arecanut

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

5–7 yr to bear

2.7 × 2.7 m

5.5–7.0

1500–2500

20–32

1,350 palms

2–3 t dry kernel

Koleroga, yellow leaf disease

Cashew

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

3–4 yr to bear

7.5 × 7.5 m

5.5–7.0

800–1200

20–35

175 plants

1–1.5 t nuts

Tea mosquito bug, stem borer

Cocoa

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

3–4 yr to bear

2.7 × 2.7 m

5.5–7.0

1500–2000

20–30

1,100 plants

1–1.5 t dry bean

Black pod, tea mosquito bug

Oil Palm

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Sep (planting)

3–4 yr to bear

9 m triangular

5.0–7.0

2000–2500

24–32

143 palms

20–25 t FFB

Rhinoceros beetle, bud rot

Tobacco

Plantation

Rabi

Sep–Oct

110–130

90 × 60 cm

5.5–6.5

400–600

20–30

250–300 g

1.5–2.5 t cured

Aphid, budworm, black shank

Tomato

Vegetable

Year-round

Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov, Jan–Feb

110–140

60 × 45 cm

6.0–7.0

400–600

20–27

250–400 g

25–40 t

Fruit borer, leaf curl virus, early blight

Onion

Vegetable

Rabi · Kharif

Oct–Nov, Jun–Jul

120–150

15 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

350–550

13–25

8–10 kg

25–35 t

Thrips, purple blotch, basal rot

Potato

Vegetable

Rabi

Oct–Nov

90–120

60 × 20 cm

5.5–6.5

450–650

15–22

2.5–3 t tubers

25–35 t

Late blight, aphid, tuber moth

Brinjal

Vegetable

Year-round

Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov, Feb–Mar

120–150

60 × 60 cm

5.5–6.8

400–600

22–30

400–500 g

25–35 t

Shoot & fruit borer, wilt

Okra (Bhindi)

Vegetable

Kharif · Zaid

Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar

55–70

45 × 30 cm

6.0–6.8

350–500

24–32

8–10 kg

10–15 t

Yellow vein mosaic, shoot borer, jassid

Chilli

Vegetable

Kharif · Rabi

Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov

150–180

60 × 45 cm

6.0–7.0

500–700

20–30

1–1.5 kg

2–3 t dry

Thrips, leaf curl, anthracnose

Capsicum

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

110–130

45 × 30 cm

6.0–6.8

400–600

18–27

750 g–1 kg

20–30 t

Thrips, mites, anthracnose

Cabbage

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

90–120

45 × 45 cm

6.0–6.5

350–500

15–21

400–500 g

25–35 t

Diamondback moth, black rot

Cauliflower

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

90–120

45 × 45 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

15–20

400–500 g

20–30 t

Diamondback moth, downy mildew

Broccoli

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

90–110

45 × 45 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

15–20

400–500 g

12–18 t

Aphid, diamondback moth

Knol-khol

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

60–80

30 × 20 cm

6.0–7.0

300–450

15–22

1–1.5 kg

20–25 t

Aphid, black rot

Cucumber

Vegetable

Zaid · Kharif

Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul

50–70

150 × 60 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

20–30

2–3 kg

15–20 t

Downy mildew, fruit fly, red pumpkin beetle

Bottle Gourd

Vegetable

Zaid · Kharif

Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul

60–80

250 × 60 cm

6.0–7.0

400–550

22–32

3–5 kg

20–25 t

Fruit fly, downy mildew

Bitter Gourd

Vegetable

Zaid · Kharif

Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul

55–75

150 × 60 cm

6.0–6.7

350–500

24–32

4–5 kg

12–18 t

Fruit fly, mosaic virus

Ridge Gourd

Vegetable

Zaid · Kharif

Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul

55–75

200 × 60 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

24–32

3–4 kg

12–16 t

Fruit fly, powdery mildew

Sponge Gourd

Vegetable

Zaid · Kharif

Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul

55–75

200 × 60 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

24–32

3–4 kg

12–16 t

Fruit fly, downy mildew

Ash Gourd

Vegetable

Kharif

Jun–Jul

90–120

250 × 90 cm

6.0–7.0

400–600

24–32

4–6 kg

25–35 t

Fruit fly, mosaic

Pumpkin

Vegetable

Zaid · Kharif

Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul

90–120

250 × 60 cm

6.0–7.0

400–600

20–30

4–6 kg

20–30 t

Red pumpkin beetle, powdery mildew

Watermelon

Vegetable

Zaid

Jan–Mar

80–100

200 × 60 cm

6.0–7.0

400–600

24–32

2.5–3.5 kg

25–35 t

Fruit fly, anthracnose, wilt

Muskmelon

Vegetable

Zaid

Jan–Mar

75–95

150 × 60 cm

6.0–7.0

350–550

24–32

2–2.5 kg

15–25 t

Fruit fly, downy mildew

French Bean

Vegetable

Rabi · Zaid

Oct–Nov, Feb

60–80

45 × 15 cm

5.5–6.5

300–450

16–24

60–80 kg

8–12 t

Anthracnose, bean fly

Garden Pea

Vegetable

Rabi

Oct–Nov

90–110

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

300–450

13–22

80–100 kg

8–12 t

Powdery mildew, pod borer

Radish

Vegetable

Rabi · Year-round

Sep–Jan

40–60

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.0

250–400

15–25

10–12 kg

20–30 t

Aphid, white rust

Carrot

Vegetable

Rabi

Aug–Nov

90–110

30 × 8 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

15–22

5–6 kg

20–30 t

Leaf blight, aphid, nematode

Beetroot

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Nov

80–100

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

300–450

15–24

7–8 kg

20–30 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Turnip

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Nov

55–75

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.0

250–400

13–22

4–5 kg

20–25 t

Aphid, white rust

Spinach (Palak)

Vegetable

Rabi · Year-round

Sep–Feb

35–50

25 × 5 cm

6.0–7.5

200–350

15–25

25–30 kg

12–18 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Fenugreek (Methi)

Vegetable

Rabi

Oct–Nov

40–60

25 × 5 cm

6.0–7.5

200–350

15–25

25–30 kg

8–12 t

Powdery mildew, aphid

Amaranth (Leafy)

Vegetable

Year-round

Feb–Sep

30–45

20 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

200–350

22–32

2–3 kg

10–15 t

Leaf webber, stem weevil

Lettuce

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Nov

60–80

30 × 30 cm

6.0–7.0

250–400

13–20

400–500 g

15–20 t

Aphid, downy mildew

Celery

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

110–130

40 × 25 cm

6.0–7.0

400–600

15–22

2–3 kg

20–25 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Sweet Potato

Vegetable

Kharif · Rabi

Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov

100–130

60 × 20 cm

5.5–6.8

400–600

21–30

35–40 k vines

20–25 t

Weevil, leaf curl

Colocasia (Arbi)

Vegetable

Kharif

Jun–Jul

150–180

60 × 45 cm

5.5–7.0

800–1200

21–32

2–2.5 t corms

15–20 t

Leaf blight, aphid

Elephant Foot Yam

Vegetable

Kharif

Apr–May

210–240

90 × 90 cm

5.5–7.0

800–1200

25–35

10–12 t corms

30–40 t

Collar rot, mosaic

Drumstick (Moringa)

Vegetable

Perennial

Jun–Jul

180–240

2.5 × 2.5 m

6.0–7.5

500–800

25–35

600 g

25–30 t pods

Hairy caterpillar, fruit fly

Banana

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar

300–365

1.8 × 1.8 m

6.0–7.5

1200–2000

20–35

3,000 suckers

50–70 t

Sigatoka, panama wilt, weevil

Mango

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug (planting)

4–5 yr to bear

10 × 10 m

5.5–7.5

700–1000

24–30

100 grafts

8–12 t

Hopper, powdery mildew, fruit fly

Papaya

Fruit

Year-round

Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul

270–300

1.8 × 1.8 m

6.0–7.0

1000–1500

22–32

250–300 g

40–60 t

Ring spot virus, mealybug

Guava

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug (planting)

2–3 yr to bear

6 × 6 m

6.0–7.5

800–1000

23–30

270 plants

20–25 t

Fruit fly, wilt, anthracnose

Sweet Orange

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug (planting)

4–5 yr to bear

6 × 6 m

6.0–7.5

900–1200

20–32

270 plants

20–25 t

Citrus canker, leaf miner, psylla

Mandarin (Kinnow)

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug (planting)

4–5 yr to bear

6 × 6 m

6.0–7.5

900–1200

18–30

270 plants

20–30 t

Citrus canker, greening, leaf miner

Lemon

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug (planting)

3–4 yr to bear

5 × 5 m

6.0–7.5

800–1100

20–32

400 plants

15–20 t

Canker, leaf miner, gummosis

Grapes

Fruit

Perennial

Jan–Feb (planting)

2–3 yr to bear

3 × 2 m

6.5–7.5

600–900

15–35

1,650 vines

20–30 t

Downy mildew, powdery mildew, thrips

Pomegranate

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug (planting)

2–3 yr to bear

5 × 5 m

6.5–7.5

600–900

20–35

400 plants

15–20 t

Bacterial blight, fruit borer

Apple

Fruit

Perennial

Dec–Jan (planting)

4–6 yr to bear

5 × 5 m

5.5–6.5

800–1200

10–24

400 plants

15–20 t

Scab, codling moth, woolly aphid

Pear

Fruit

Perennial

Dec–Jan (planting)

4–6 yr to bear

6 × 6 m

6.0–7.0

800–1100

10–25

270 plants

15–20 t

Scab, leaf blight

Peach

Fruit

Perennial

Dec–Jan (planting)

3–4 yr to bear

5 × 5 m

6.0–7.0

700–1000

12–26

400 plants

10–15 t

Leaf curl, fruit fly

Plum

Fruit

Perennial

Dec–Jan (planting)

3–4 yr to bear

5 × 5 m

6.0–7.0

700–1000

12–26

400 plants

10–15 t

Brown rot, aphid

Litchi

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Sep (planting)

5–7 yr to bear

8 × 8 m

5.5–7.0

1200–1600

20–35

156 plants

8–12 t

Fruit borer, mite, fruit cracking

Sapota (Chikoo)

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

4–5 yr to bear

8 × 8 m

6.0–8.0

900–1300

20–32

156 plants

15–20 t

Bud borer, leaf spot

Custard Apple

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

3–4 yr to bear

5 × 5 m

6.5–7.5

600–800

23–32

400 plants

8–10 t

Mealybug, anthracnose

Jackfruit

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

5–7 yr to bear

10 × 10 m

6.0–7.5

1000–1500

22–35

100 plants

15–20 t

Fruit rot, shoot borer

Pineapple

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Sep

450–540

60 × 30 cm

5.0–6.0

1000–1500

22–32

43 k suckers

50–60 t

Mealybug, heart rot

Ber (Indian Jujube)

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug (planting)

2–3 yr to bear

6 × 6 m

6.0–8.5

400–600

20–35

270 plants

15–20 t

Fruit fly, powdery mildew

Amla

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug (planting)

4–5 yr to bear

8 × 8 m

6.0–8.0

600–900

20–35

156 plants

10–15 t

Rust, bark eating caterpillar

Fig

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

2–3 yr to bear

5 × 5 m

6.0–7.5

600–800

20–32

400 plants

10–15 t

Rust, stem borer

Date Palm

Fruit

Perennial

Feb–Mar (planting)

5–7 yr to bear

8 × 8 m

7.0–8.5

1200–1800

25–40

156 palms

10–15 t

Graphiola leaf spot, borer

Strawberry

Fruit

Rabi

Sep–Oct

90–120

30 × 30 cm

5.5–6.5

400–600

15–25

55 k runners

10–15 t

Grey mould, mite, leaf spot

Kiwi

Fruit

Perennial

Dec–Jan (planting)

4–5 yr to bear

4 × 5 m

5.5–7.0

900–1200

10–25

500 vines

12–18 t

Root rot, leaf spot

Avocado

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

4–5 yr to bear

8 × 8 m

5.5–6.5

1000–1400

20–30

156 plants

8–12 t

Anthracnose, root rot

Dragon Fruit

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

18–24 mo to bear

3 × 3 m

5.5–7.0

600–900

20–35

1,100 posts

10–15 t

Stem canker, mealybug

Almond

Nut

Perennial

Dec–Jan (planting)

4–5 yr to bear

6 × 6 m

6.0–7.5

700–1000

10–28

270 plants

1.5–2 t

Leaf blight, hairy caterpillar

Walnut

Nut

Perennial

Dec–Jan (planting)

6–8 yr to bear

10 × 10 m

6.0–7.5

800–1200

10–25

100 plants

2–3 t

Anthracnose, walnut blight

Pecan

Nut

Perennial

Dec–Jan (planting)

6–8 yr to bear

10 × 10 m

6.0–7.0

900–1300

15–30

100 plants

1.5–2.5 t

Scab, aphid, shuck decline

Pistachio

Nut

Perennial

Jan–Feb (planting)

6–8 yr to bear

6 × 6 m

7.0–8.0

600–900

15–35

270 plants

1.5–2 t

Alternaria blight, twig borer

Hazelnut

Nut

Perennial

Dec–Jan (planting)

4–5 yr to bear

5 × 5 m

6.0–7.0

700–1000

10–24

400 plants

1.5–2 t

Blight, filbert weevil

Turmeric

Spice

Kharif

May–Jun

240–270

30 × 20 cm

5.5–7.5

1200–1500

20–30

2–2.5 t rhizome

25–30 t fresh

Rhizome rot, leaf spot, shoot borer

Ginger

Spice

Kharif

Apr–May

210–240

25 × 20 cm

5.5–6.5

1300–1800

20–30

1.5–2 t rhizome

15–20 t fresh

Soft rot, bacterial wilt

Coriander

Spice

Rabi

Oct–Nov

90–110

30 × 15 cm

6.0–8.0

250–400

15–25

10–15 kg

1–1.5 t

Powdery mildew, aphid, wilt

Cumin

Spice

Rabi

Nov–Dec

100–120

30 × 10 cm

6.8–8.3

250–350

15–25

12–15 kg

0.6–0.8 t

Wilt, blight, aphid

Fennel

Spice

Rabi

Oct–Nov

140–160

45 × 20 cm

6.5–8.0

350–500

15–25

8–10 kg

1.5–2 t

Aphid, blight, wilt

Fenugreek (Seed)

Spice

Rabi

Oct–Nov

120–140

25 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

250–400

15–25

20–25 kg

1.2–1.8 t

Powdery mildew, root rot

Garlic

Spice

Rabi

Oct–Nov

130–160

15 × 10 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

12–24

500–600 kg cloves

8–12 t

Thrips, purple blotch, basal rot

Black Pepper

Spice

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

3–4 yr to bear

3 × 3 m

5.5–6.5

2000–3000

20–32

1,100 vines

2–3 t dry

Quick wilt, pollu beetle

Cardamom (Small)

Spice

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

2–3 yr to bear

2 × 2 m

5.0–6.5

1500–2500

15–28

2,500 plants

150–250 kg dry

Katte virus, thrips, rot

Cardamom (Large)

Spice

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

3 yr to bear

1.5 × 1.5 m

5.0–6.5

2000–3000

10–25

4,400 plants

200–300 kg dry

Chirke, foorkey virus

Clove

Spice

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

6–8 yr to bear

6 × 6 m

5.5–7.0

1500–2500

20–30

270 plants

1–2 kg/tree

Leaf rot, seedling wilt

Cinnamon

Spice

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

3–4 yr to harvest

2 × 2 m

5.0–7.0

1500–2500

20–30

2,500 plants

150–200 kg quill

Leaf spot, stripe canker

Nutmeg

Spice

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

6–8 yr to bear

8 × 8 m

5.5–7.0

1500–2500

20–32

156 plants

500–1000 fruits/tree

Fruit rot, die-back

Ajwain

Spice

Rabi

Oct–Nov

140–160

45 × 20 cm

6.5–8.0

250–400

15–25

3–4 kg

0.8–1.2 t

Powdery mildew, aphid

Dill

Spice

Rabi

Oct–Nov

110–130

30 × 15 cm

6.0–7.5

250–400

15–25

8–10 kg

0.8–1 t

Aphid, powdery mildew

Tamarind

Spice

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

6–8 yr to bear

10 × 10 m

6.0–8.0

700–1000

22–35

100 plants

150–200 kg/tree

Fruit borer, scale

Vanilla

Spice

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

3 yr to bear

2 × 1.5 m

6.0–7.0

1500–2500

21–32

1,600 vines

300–500 kg green

Bean rot, stem rot

Marigold

Flower

Year-round

Jun, Sep, Jan

60–90

45 × 30 cm

6.0–7.5

350–500

18–30

1–1.5 kg

15–20 t

Leaf spot, thrips, red spider mite

Rose

Flower

Perennial

Sep–Oct (planting)

90–120 to flower

60 × 45 cm

6.0–7.0

600–900

15–28

37 k plants

8–10 lakh blooms

Black spot, powdery mildew, thrips

Jasmine

Flower

Perennial

Jun–Jul (planting)

1–2 yr to bear

1.5 × 1.5 m

6.5–7.5

700–1000

20–32

4,400 plants

8–12 t

Bud worm, leaf webber, gall mite

Chrysanthemum

Flower

Rabi

Jun–Jul

110–130

30 × 30 cm

6.0–7.0

400–600

15–25

1.1 lakh cuttings

15–20 t

Leaf spot, aphid, thrips

Tuberose

Flower

Kharif

Mar–Apr

90–120

30 × 20 cm

6.5–7.5

500–700

20–30

2–2.5 lakh bulbs

15–20 t spikes

Aphid, thrips, stem rot

Gladiolus

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Nov

90–120

30 × 20 cm

6.0–7.0

400–600

15–25

2–2.5 lakh corms

2–2.5 lakh spikes

Fusarium wilt, thrips

Gerbera

Flower

Protected

Year-round

90–100 to flower

30 × 30 cm

5.5–6.5

Drip fertigation

18–26

60 k plants

200–250 stems/m²

Powdery mildew, whitefly, mite

Carnation

Flower

Protected

Year-round

120–150 to flower

15 × 15 cm

6.0–7.0

Drip fertigation

13–22

2.5 lakh plants

250–300 stems/m²

Fusarium wilt, thrips, mite

Orchid

Flower

Protected

Year-round

18–24 mo to bear

30 × 30 cm

5.5–6.5

Misting

20–30

40 k plants

4–6 spikes/plant

Black rot, scale, thrips

Anthurium

Flower

Protected

Year-round

12–18 mo to bear

30 × 30 cm

5.5–6.5

Misting

18–28

60 k plants

6–8 blooms/plant

Bacterial blight, mite

Aloe Vera

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

240–300

60 × 45 cm

6.0–8.0

400–600

20–35

25 k suckers

30–40 t leaf

Leaf spot, mealybug

Ashwagandha

Medicinal

Kharif

Jun–Jul

150–180

30 × 10 cm

6.5–8.0

300–450

20–32

10–12 kg

0.6–0.8 t root

Leaf spot, aphid

Tulsi (Holy Basil)

Medicinal

Kharif

Apr–May

90–110

45 × 45 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

20–32

300–400 g

10–12 t herb

Leaf roller, powdery mildew

Lemongrass

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

90 per cut

60 × 45 cm

5.5–7.5

800–1200

20–32

35 k slips

15–20 t herb

Leaf blight, rust

Mentha (Menthol Mint)

Medicinal

Zaid

Jan–Feb

110–130

45 × 30 cm

6.0–7.5

600–900

20–30

400–500 kg suckers

100–150 kg oil

Leaf spot, hairy caterpillar

Stevia

Medicinal

Perennial

Feb–Mar

90 per cut

45 × 30 cm

6.0–7.5

600–900

18–30

90 k plants

3–4 t dry leaf

Leaf spot, wilt

Isabgol (Psyllium)

Medicinal

Rabi

Nov–Dec

110–130

30 × 10 cm

7.0–8.5

250–350

15–25

4–5 kg

0.8–1.2 t

Downy mildew, aphid

Senna

Medicinal

Kharif · Rabi

Jul, Oct

110–130

45 × 30 cm

7.0–8.5

250–400

20–35

15–20 kg

1–1.5 t leaf

Leaf spot, pod borer

Safed Musli

Medicinal

Kharif

Jun–Jul

180–210

30 × 20 cm

6.0–7.5

600–900

20–32

5–6 q roots

2–2.5 t fresh root

Root rot, leaf spot

Vetiver (Khus)

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

540–600

60 × 45 cm

5.5–8.0

800–1200

20–35

35 k slips

20–25 kg oil

Root borer, leaf blight

Patchouli

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

150 per cut

60 × 60 cm

5.5–7.0

1500–2000

22–30

28 k cuttings

40–60 kg oil

Leaf blight, wilt, nematode

Berseem

Fodder

Rabi

Oct–Nov

50 per cut

Broadcast

6.5–7.5

500–700

15–25

20–25 kg

80–100 t green

Root rot, stem rot

Lucerne (Alfalfa)

Fodder

Perennial

Oct–Nov

45 per cut

30 cm rows

6.5–7.5

600–900

15–30

12–15 kg

80–100 t green

Wilt, aphid

Napier (Hybrid)

Fodder

Perennial

Jun–Jul

60 per cut

90 × 60 cm

5.5–7.5

1000–1500

25–35

20 k slips

200–250 t green

Leaf blight, stem borer

Fodder Maize

Fodder

Kharif · Zaid

Jun–Jul, Feb

60–70

30 × 15 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

21–30

50–60 kg

40–50 t green

Stem borer, leaf blight

Fodder Sorghum

Fodder

Kharif

Jun–Jul

60–75

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

350–500

25–32

35–40 kg

40–50 t green

Shoot fly, anthracnose

Fodder Cowpea

Fodder

Kharif

Jun–Jul

55–70

30 × 10 cm

5.5–7.5

300–450

25–35

35–40 kg

25–30 t green

Aphid, leaf spot

Oats (Fodder)

Fodder

Rabi

Oct–Nov

60–70

25 cm rows

5.5–7.0

350–500

15–25

80–100 kg

35–45 t green

Rust, aphid

Quinoa

Cereal

Rabi

Oct–Nov

90–120

45 × 15 cm

6.0–8.5

300–450

15–25

5–8 kg

1.5–2.5 t

Downy mildew, leaf miner

Triticale

Cereal

Rabi

Nov

120–140

22 cm rows

5.5–7.5

400–550

12–25

100–125 kg

4–5 t

Rust, aphid

Hull-less Barley

Cereal

Rabi

Nov–Dec

110–130

22 cm rows

6.5–8.0

300–450

12–25

75–100 kg

2.5–3.5 t

Aphid, yellow rust

Fonio

Cereal

Kharif

Jun–Jul

70–90

Broadcast

5.0–6.5

400–600

25–32

20–30 kg

0.6–1 t

Bird damage, blast

Teff

Cereal

Kharif

Jul

90–120

Broadcast

5.5–7.5

350–500

18–28

8–12 kg

1–1.8 t

Lodging, rust

Job's Tears

Cereal

Kharif

Jun–Jul

150–180

45 × 30 cm

5.5–7.0

700–1000

22–30

20–25 kg

2–3 t

Smut, stem borer

Wild Rice

Cereal

Kharif

Apr–May

100–120

Broadcast

6.0–7.5

1200–1800

18–28

30–40 kg

0.8–1.5 t

Bird damage, brown spot

Spelt

Cereal

Rabi

Oct–Nov

130–150

22 cm rows

6.0–7.5

400–550

12–22

130–160 kg

2.5–3.5 t

Rust, loose smut

Einkorn

Cereal

Rabi

Oct–Nov

130–160

22 cm rows

6.0–7.5

350–500

12–22

100–120 kg

1.5–2.5 t

Rust, lodging

Emmer

Cereal

Rabi

Oct–Nov

125–150

22 cm rows

6.0–7.5

350–500

12–24

100–125 kg

2–3 t

Rust, loose smut

Rye

Cereal

Rabi

Oct–Nov

120–150

20 cm rows

5.0–7.0

350–500

10–22

100–120 kg

2.5–3.5 t

Ergot, aphid

Canary Grass

Cereal

Rabi

Nov

110–130

22 cm rows

6.0–7.5

350–500

12–25

25–30 kg

1–1.5 t

Aphid, lodging

Popcorn

Cereal

Kharif · Rabi

Jun–Jul, Oct

95–115

60 × 20 cm

5.8–7.0

500–700

21–30

8–10 kg

2.5–3.5 t

Fall armyworm, stem borer

Browntop Millet

Millet

Kharif

Jun–Jul

60–75

25 × 10 cm

5.5–7.5

300–450

25–33

8–10 kg

0.8–1.2 t

Blast, shoot fly

Japanese Millet

Millet

Kharif

Jun–Jul

60–80

25 × 10 cm

5.5–7.5

350–500

22–32

10–12 kg

1.5–2 t

Blast, armyworm

Lathyrus (Khesari)

Pulse

Rabi

Oct–Nov

110–130

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

250–400

10–25

30–40 kg

0.8–1.2 t

Downy mildew, aphid

Bambara Groundnut

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

110–150

30 × 20 cm

5.0–6.5

500–700

20–30

55–75 kg

0.8–1.5 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Velvet Bean (Mucuna)

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

150–180

75 × 30 cm

5.0–6.5

600–900

20–30

20–25 kg

1–1.5 t

Pod borer, leaf spot

Sword Bean

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

120–150

90 × 60 cm

5.5–7.0

500–750

20–30

40–50 kg

1.5–2 t

Pod borer, aphid

Winged Bean

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

120–150

60 × 30 cm

5.5–6.5

800–1200

20–30

30–40 kg

2–3 t

Pod borer, leaf spot

Rice Bean

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

90–120

30 × 10 cm

5.5–7.0

400–600

22–30

20–25 kg

0.8–1.2 t

Pod borer, yellow mosaic

Adzuki Bean

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

90–120

45 × 10 cm

5.5–6.5

400–550

18–28

25–30 kg

1–1.5 t

Pod borer, root rot

Lima Bean

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

90–120

60 × 30 cm

6.0–7.0

450–650

18–27

40–50 kg

1–1.5 t

Pod borer, downy mildew

Grass Pea

Pulse

Rabi

Oct–Nov

110–130

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

250–400

10–25

30–40 kg

0.8–1.2 t

Downy mildew, aphid

Broad Bean

Pulse

Rabi

Oct–Nov

100–130

45 × 20 cm

6.0–7.5

350–500

10–22

100–120 kg

1.5–2.5 t

Chocolate spot, aphid

Scarlet Runner Bean

Pulse

Rabi

Sep–Oct

90–110

75 × 25 cm

6.0–7.0

400–600

14–24

60–70 kg

2–3 t

Anthracnose, aphid

Tepary Bean

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

70–95

45 × 10 cm

6.0–7.8

200–350

20–32

25–30 kg

0.7–1.2 t

Bacterial blight, leafhopper

Yam Bean

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

150–180

60 × 25 cm

5.5–7.0

700–1000

20–30

20–25 kg

20–30 t

Root rot, leaf spot

Jack Bean

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

120–150

90 × 45 cm

5.0–7.0

500–750

20–30

45–55 kg

1.5–2 t

Pod borer, leaf spot

Pinto Bean

Pulse

Rabi

Oct–Nov

90–110

45 × 10 cm

6.0–7.0

400–550

16–26

60–70 kg

1.5–2 t

Anthracnose, rust

Navy Bean

Pulse

Rabi

Oct–Nov

85–100

45 × 8 cm

6.0–7.0

400–550

16–26

60–70 kg

1.5–2 t

Halo blight, rust

Lupin

Pulse

Rabi

Oct–Nov

120–150

30 × 10 cm

5.0–6.5

350–500

10–22

100–130 kg

1.5–2.5 t

Anthracnose, brown spot

Black-eyed Pea

Pulse

Kharif

Jun–Jul

75–90

45 × 15 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

22–32

20–25 kg

1–1.5 t

Pod borer, aphid

Yardlong Bean

Vegetable

Kharif

Jun–Jul

60–80

60 × 30 cm

5.5–7.0

500–700

22–32

12–15 kg

10–14 t

Pod borer, aphid

Paprika

Vegetable

Kharif · Rabi

Jun–Jul, Oct

150–180

60 × 45 cm

6.0–7.0

600–800

18–30

1–1.5 kg

2–3 t

Thrips, anthracnose

Summer Squash

Vegetable

Kharif · Zaid

Feb–Mar, Jun

45–60

120 × 60 cm

5.8–7.0

400–600

18–30

4–5 kg

15–25 t

Fruit fly, powdery mildew

Winter Squash

Vegetable

Kharif

Jun–Jul

90–120

200 × 100 cm

5.8–7.0

500–700

18–30

3–4 kg

20–30 t

Fruit fly, downy mildew

Zucchini

Vegetable

Zaid · Rabi

Feb–Mar, Oct

45–60

120 × 60 cm

6.0–7.0

400–600

18–28

4–5 kg

20–30 t

Powdery mildew, fruit fly

Spiny Gourd

Vegetable

Kharif

Jun–Jul

90–110

150 × 100 cm

5.5–7.0

600–900

22–32

Tubers

6–10 t

Fruit fly, mosaic

Salsify

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

120–150

30 × 8 cm

6.0–7.5

350–500

10–24

8–10 kg

12–18 t

Carrot fly, white blister

Celeriac

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

110–140

40 × 30 cm

6.0–7.0

500–700

12–22

0.3–0.5 kg

25–35 t

Leaf spot, celery fly

Parsnip

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

120–160

40 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

400–550

8–20

4–5 kg

20–30 t

Canker, carrot fly

Arracacha

Vegetable

Perennial

Jun–Jul

10–12 mo

80 × 50 cm

5.5–6.5

800–1200

15–22

Offsets

15–25 t

Root rot, leaf spot

Oca

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

180–240

60 × 30 cm

5.5–6.5

600–800

10–22

1500–2000 kg

15–25 t

Weevil, virus

Mashua

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

180–240

70 × 40 cm

5.3–7.5

700–1000

10–20

1200–1600 kg

20–30 t

Nematode, virus

Arrowroot

Vegetable

Kharif

May–Jun

10–11 mo

30 × 25 cm

5.5–6.5

1200–1800

20–30

1500–2000 kg

15–25 t

Leaf spot, rot

Chinese Potato

Vegetable

Kharif

Jun–Jul

150–180

30 × 15 cm

5.5–7.0

700–1000

20–30

1000–1200 kg

15–20 t

Nematode, leaf spot

Daikon

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Nov

55–70

45 × 15 cm

5.8–6.8

300–450

10–25

8–10 kg

30–45 t

Aphid, club root

Horseradish

Vegetable

Perennial

Feb–Mar

8–10 mo

60 × 40 cm

6.0–7.5

500–700

10–24

Root sets

8–12 t

White rust, flea beetle

Swede

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

90–120

45 × 20 cm

5.5–7.0

350–500

8–20

2–3 kg

35–50 t

Club root, flea beetle

Scorzonera

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

150–180

30 × 8 cm

6.0–7.5

350–500

10–22

10–12 kg

12–18 t

White blister, aphid

Shallot

Vegetable

Rabi

Oct–Nov

90–110

20 × 10 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

13–24

800–1000 kg

12–18 t

Thrips, purple blotch

Leek

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

120–150

40 × 15 cm

6.0–7.0

450–650

10–24

4–6 kg

25–35 t

Thrips, rust

Spring Onion

Vegetable

Rabi · Zaid

Sep–Oct, Feb

60–80

20 × 8 cm

6.0–7.0

300–450

13–25

8–10 kg

15–20 t

Thrips, downy mildew

Elephant Garlic

Vegetable

Rabi

Oct–Nov

150–180

30 × 20 cm

6.0–7.0

400–550

12–24

1200–1500 kg

10–15 t

White rot, thrips

Brussels Sprout

Vegetable

Rabi

Aug–Sep

120–150

60 × 45 cm

6.0–7.0

500–700

7–20

0.4–0.5 kg

12–18 t

Aphid, club root

Collard Greens

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

70–90

60 × 45 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

10–24

0.4–0.5 kg

20–30 t

Aphid, diamondback moth

Bok Choy

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Nov

45–60

30 × 20 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

13–24

0.4–0.6 kg

20–30 t

Flea beetle, downy mildew

Swiss Chard

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

55–70

40 × 25 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

10–24

6–8 kg

25–35 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Endive

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

80–100

30 × 25 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

10–22

0.8–1 kg

18–25 t

Aphid, tip burn

Escarole

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

80–100

35 × 30 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

10–22

0.8–1 kg

18–25 t

Aphid, downy mildew

Arugula

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Nov

30–45

20 × 8 cm

6.0–7.0

250–400

10–22

4–6 kg

8–12 t

Flea beetle, downy mildew

Purslane

Vegetable

Kharif

Jun–Jul

30–45

20 × 10 cm

5.5–7.5

250–400

20–32

3–4 kg

10–15 t

Aphid, leaf miner

Sorrel

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

60–80

30 × 20 cm

5.5–6.8

350–500

10–24

3–4 kg

12–18 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Basella (Malabar Spinach)

Vegetable

Kharif

Jun–Jul

55–70

60 × 45 cm

5.5–7.0

600–900

22–32

5–7 kg

25–35 t

Leaf spot, nematode

Chinese Cabbage

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

60–80

45 × 35 cm

6.0–7.0

400–550

13–22

0.4–0.5 kg

35–50 t

Aphid, soft rot

Tatsoi

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Nov

40–50

25 × 20 cm

6.0–7.0

300–450

10–22

0.4–0.6 kg

15–22 t

Flea beetle, aphid

Mizuna

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Nov

35–50

25 × 20 cm

6.0–7.0

300–450

10–22

0.4–0.6 kg

15–22 t

Flea beetle, downy mildew

Komatsuna

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Nov

35–50

25 × 15 cm

6.0–7.5

300–450

10–24

0.5–0.7 kg

18–25 t

Flea beetle, aphid

Radicchio

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

80–100

35 × 30 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

10–20

0.5–0.7 kg

15–22 t

Tip burn, aphid

Chicory

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

110–140

45 × 15 cm

6.0–7.5

350–500

10–22

3–4 kg

25–35 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Bathua (Chenopodium)

Vegetable

Rabi

Oct–Nov

45–60

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.8

250–400

10–25

3–4 kg

10–15 t

Leaf miner, aphid

Gai Lan

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Nov

55–70

35 × 25 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

13–24

0.5–0.7 kg

15–22 t

Flea beetle, aphid

Broccoli Rabe

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

45–60

30 × 20 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

10–22

0.6–0.8 kg

12–18 t

Aphid, downy mildew

Asparagus

Vegetable

Perennial

Feb–Mar

2–3 yr

150 × 40 cm

6.5–7.5

500–700

15–25

Crowns

4–6 t

Rust, asparagus beetle

Globe Artichoke

Vegetable

Rabi

Aug–Sep

150–180

100 × 75 cm

6.5–7.5

600–800

12–24

Suckers

8–12 t

Aphid, powdery mildew

Sweet Corn

Vegetable

Kharif · Rabi

Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov

70–85

60 × 20 cm

5.8–7.0

500–700

21–30

8–9 kg

8–12 t

Fall armyworm, corn earworm

Baby Corn

Vegetable

Year-round

Any

50–60

45 × 20 cm

5.8–7.0

450–600

21–30

20–25 kg

1.5–2 t

Fall armyworm, stem borer

Snake Gourd

Vegetable

Kharif · Zaid

Jun–Jul, Feb

70–90

200 × 100 cm

6.0–7.0

600–900

22–32

4–5 kg

15–22 t

Fruit fly, downy mildew

Ivy Gourd

Vegetable

Perennial

Jun–Jul

4–6 mo

200 × 150 cm

5.5–7.0

700–1000

22–35

Cuttings

20–30 t

Fruit fly, mosaic

Pointed Gourd

Vegetable

Kharif

Jun–Jul

4–5 mo

200 × 100 cm

6.0–7.5

700–1000

22–35

Vine cuttings

15–25 t

Fruit fly, leaf spot

Chayote

Vegetable

Kharif

Jun–Jul

100–130

300 × 300 cm

5.5–6.8

900–1400

15–28

Whole fruit

30–50 t

Fruit fly, powdery mildew

Tinda

Vegetable

Zaid · Kharif

Feb–Mar, Jun

60–75

150 × 60 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

22–35

5–6 kg

10–15 t

Fruit fly, red pumpkin beetle

Cassava (Tapioca)

Vegetable

Kharif

May–Jun

9–11 mo

90 × 90 cm

5.5–7.0

1000–1500

25–35

Stem cuttings

25–40 t

Mosaic virus, mealybug

Yam (Dioscorea)

Vegetable

Kharif

Apr–May

8–10 mo

90 × 60 cm

5.5–6.5

1200–1800

25–32

2000–2500 kg

20–30 t

Anthracnose, nematode

Taro

Vegetable

Kharif

Jun–Jul

6–8 mo

45 × 30 cm

5.5–7.0

1200–1800

21–32

1200–1500 kg

15–25 t

Leaf blight, corm rot

Jerusalem Artichoke

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

120–150

75 × 30 cm

5.8–7.5

400–600

10–26

1200–1500 kg

25–40 t

Sclerotinia, aphid

Kohlrabi

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

60–80

45 × 20 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

10–24

1–1.5 kg

20–30 t

Aphid, club root

Kale

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Oct

70–95

60 × 40 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

7–24

0.4–0.5 kg

20–30 t

Aphid, diamondback moth

Mustard Greens

Vegetable

Rabi

Sep–Nov

40–55

30 × 15 cm

6.0–7.5

300–450

10–25

4–5 kg

15–22 t

Aphid, white rust

Bamboo Shoot

Vegetable

Kharif

Jun–Jul

3–4 yr

5 × 5 m

5.5–7.0

1200–2000

20–35

Rhizomes

8–15 t

Shoot borer, mealybug

Camelina

Oilseed

Rabi

Oct–Nov

85–100

20 cm rows

6.0–7.5

250–400

10–22

5–7 kg

1–1.5 t

Flea beetle, downy mildew

Perilla

Oilseed

Kharif

Jun–Jul

110–140

45 × 20 cm

5.5–7.0

500–700

18–28

4–6 kg

0.8–1.2 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Chia

Oilseed

Rabi

Oct–Nov

110–140

45 × 20 cm

6.0–8.0

300–450

15–28

5–6 kg

0.6–1 t

Aphid, root rot

Hempseed

Oilseed

Kharif

Jun–Jul

100–120

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

15–27

30–40 kg

1–1.5 t

Grey mould, borer

Taramira

Oilseed

Rabi

Oct–Nov

110–130

30 × 10 cm

6.0–8.0

200–350

10–25

5–6 kg

0.8–1.2 t

Aphid, white rust

Jojoba

Oilseed

Perennial

Jul–Aug

3–4 yr

4 × 4 m

6.0–8.0

300–500

20–35

Nursery

1.5–3 t

Root rot, scale

Peanut

Oilseed

Kharif

Jun–Jul

100–130

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.0

500–700

25–32

100–120 kg

2–3 t

Leaf miner, tikka leaf spot

Olive

Oilseed

Perennial

Jul–Aug

4–6 yr

6 × 6 m

6.0–8.0

400–700

15–35

Nursery

4–8 t

Olive fly, peacock spot

Jatropha

Oilseed

Perennial

Jun–Jul

3–4 yr

2 × 2 m

6.0–8.5

400–800

20–38

Cuttings

2–4 t

Scale, collar rot

Karanj (Pongamia)

Oilseed

Perennial

Jun–Jul

5–7 yr

5 × 5 m

6.5–8.5

500–1000

20–38

Nursery

3–6 t

Leaf webber, gall

Mahua

Oilseed

Perennial

Jun–Jul

8–12 yr

10 × 10 m

6.0–7.5

600–1200

20–40

Nursery

2–4 t

Leaf caterpillar, borer

Tamarillo

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

18–24 mo

3 × 2 m

5.8–7.0

800–1200

15–25

Nursery

15–20 t

Powdery mildew, aphid

Naranjilla

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

10–14 mo

2.5 × 2 m

5.5–6.5

1000–1500

17–24

Nursery

10–15 t

Nematode, fusarium

Pepino

Fruit

Perennial

Sep–Oct

4–6 mo

1 × 0.8 m

6.0–7.0

500–750

15–25

Nursery

25–40 t

Aphid, virus

Ground Cherry

Fruit

Kharif

Jun–Jul

70–90

90 × 60 cm

5.5–7.0

400–600

18–30

0.4–0.6 kg

8–12 t

Flea beetle, leaf spot

Goji Berry

Fruit

Perennial

Feb–Mar

2–3 yr

2 × 1.5 m

6.8–8.1

400–600

10–30

Nursery

6–10 t

Gall mite, aphid

Honeydew

Fruit

Zaid

Feb–Mar

80–100

150 × 60 cm

6.0–7.0

400–600

22–32

1–1.5 kg

18–25 t

Fruit fly, powdery mildew

Horned Melon

Fruit

Kharif

Jun–Jul

90–120

150 × 60 cm

6.0–7.0

400–600

20–30

2–3 kg

10–15 t

Fruit fly, aphid

Longan

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug

4–6 yr

8 × 8 m

5.5–6.5

1200–1600

20–33

Nursery

8–12 t

Fruit borer, litchi mite

Rambutan

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

5–6 yr

10 × 10 m

4.5–6.5

1500–2500

22–32

Nursery

10–15 t

Fruit borer, mealybug

Mangosteen

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

8–10 yr

8 × 8 m

5.0–6.5

1500–2500

25–35

Nursery

6–10 t

Gamboge, thrips

Durian

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

6–8 yr

10 × 10 m

5.5–6.5

1500–2500

24–32

Nursery

10–15 t

Phytophthora, fruit borer

Breadfruit

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

4–6 yr

10 × 10 m

6.0–7.0

1500–2500

21–32

Root cuttings

15–25 t

Fruit fly, mealybug

Soursop

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

3–4 yr

6 × 6 m

5.5–6.5

1000–1500

22–32

Nursery

8–12 t

Fruit borer, anthracnose

Cherimoya

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

3–5 yr

6 × 6 m

6.5–7.6

800–1200

13–25

Nursery

8–12 t

Fruit borer, mealybug

Atemoya

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

3–4 yr

6 × 5 m

6.0–7.5

900–1300

18–30

Nursery

8–14 t

Fruit borer, anthracnose

Bilimbi

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

3–4 yr

6 × 6 m

5.5–7.0

1200–1800

22–32

Nursery

15–25 t

Fruit fly, leaf spot

Kokum

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

6–8 yr

6 × 6 m

5.5–6.5

1500–2500

20–32

Nursery

4–8 t

Leaf spot, mealybug

Rose Apple

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

3–4 yr

7 × 7 m

5.5–7.0

1000–1500

20–32

Nursery

10–18 t

Fruit fly, leaf spot

Feijoa

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug

3–4 yr

5 × 4 m

5.5–7.0

700–1000

10–25

Nursery

10–15 t

Fruit fly, scale

Plantain

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

12–14 mo

2 × 2 m

6.0–7.5

1500–2000

20–32

Suckers

30–45 t

Sigatoka, weevil

Salak

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

4–5 yr

3 × 3 m

5.5–7.0

1500–2500

22–32

Nursery

10–15 t

Fruit rot, mealybug

Langsat

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

8–12 yr

8 × 8 m

5.5–6.5

1500–2500

22–32

Nursery

8–12 t

Fruit borer, leaf spot

Santol

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

5–7 yr

8 × 8 m

5.5–7.0

1200–2000

22–32

Nursery

15–25 t

Fruit fly, scale

Black Sapote

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

4–6 yr

8 × 8 m

6.0–7.5

1000–1500

20–32

Nursery

10–18 t

Fruit fly, scale

White Sapote

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

4–6 yr

8 × 8 m

5.5–7.5

800–1200

15–28

Nursery

10–15 t

Fruit fly, scale

Mamey Sapote

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

6–8 yr

10 × 10 m

6.0–7.5

1200–1800

22–32

Nursery

10–15 t

Fruit fly, anthracnose

Canistel

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

3–5 yr

7 × 7 m

5.5–7.5

1000–1500

20–32

Nursery

10–15 t

Fruit fly, scale

Lucuma

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

4–6 yr

7 × 7 m

6.0–7.5

800–1200

15–26

Nursery

8–14 t

Fruit fly, scale

Star Apple

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

5–7 yr

9 × 9 m

5.5–7.5

1200–1800

22–32

Nursery

10–18 t

Fruit fly, mealybug

Sugar Apple

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

3–4 yr

5 × 5 m

6.0–7.5

700–1000

20–32

Nursery

6–10 t

Mealybug, fruit borer

Quince

Fruit

Perennial

Jan–Feb

3–4 yr

5 × 4 m

6.0–7.5

600–900

10–24

Nursery

12–18 t

Fire blight, codling moth

Medlar

Fruit

Perennial

Jan–Feb

4–5 yr

5 × 5 m

6.0–7.5

600–900

8–24

Nursery

8–12 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Loquat

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug

3–4 yr

6 × 6 m

6.0–7.5

700–1000

15–30

Nursery

10–15 t

Fruit fly, pear blight

Nectarine

Fruit

Perennial

Jan–Feb

3–4 yr

5 × 4 m

6.0–7.0

600–900

10–28

Nursery

10–15 t

Leaf curl, fruit fly

Sea Buckthorn

Fruit

Perennial

Feb–Mar

3–4 yr

3 × 2 m

6.0–7.5

400–600

5–25

Nursery

4–8 t

Fusarium, moth

Jujube

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug

3–4 yr

6 × 6 m

6.0–8.0

400–600

15–35

Nursery

10–15 t

Fruit fly, powdery mildew

Passion Fruit

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

10–14 mo

300 × 300 cm

6.0–7.0

900–1400

20–30

Nursery

12–20 t

Fruit fly, woodiness virus

Star Fruit (Carambola)

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

3–4 yr

6 × 6 m

5.5–6.5

1200–1800

22–32

Nursery

15–25 t

Fruit fly, anthracnose

Lychee

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug

5–7 yr

8 × 8 m

5.0–7.0

1200–1800

20–35

Air layers

8–12 t

Litchi mite, fruit borer

Jamun

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug

6–8 yr

10 × 10 m

6.0–8.0

900–1500

20–38

Nursery

10–18 t

Fruit fly, leaf spot

Bael

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug

5–7 yr

8 × 8 m

6.0–8.0

600–1000

20–38

Nursery

10–15 t

Fruit canker, borer

Wood Apple

Fruit

Perennial

Jul–Aug

7–10 yr

8 × 8 m

6.0–8.0

500–1000

20–40

Nursery

8–12 t

Fruit borer, leaf spot

Apricot

Fruit

Perennial

Jan–Feb

3–4 yr

6 × 6 m

6.0–7.5

500–800

5–28

Nursery

8–14 t

Shot hole, aphid

Cherry

Fruit

Perennial

Jan–Feb

4–5 yr

6 × 6 m

6.0–7.5

600–900

5–25

Nursery

6–10 t

Fruit fly, brown rot

Persimmon

Fruit

Perennial

Jan–Feb

4–6 yr

6 × 6 m

6.0–7.5

700–1000

10–30

Nursery

10–18 t

Fruit fly, leaf spot

Mulberry

Fruit

Perennial

Jun–Jul

1–2 yr

2 × 2 m

6.0–7.5

700–1200

18–35

Cuttings

20–30 t leaf

Leaf spot, root knot

Chives

Herb

Perennial

Sep–Oct

70–90

25 × 15 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

12–24

4–6 kg

8–12 t

Thrips, rust

Basil

Herb

Kharif · Zaid

Feb–Mar, Jun

60–80

45 × 30 cm

5.5–7.0

400–600

18–30

2–3 kg

15–25 t

Downy mildew, aphid

Thai Basil

Herb

Kharif

Jun–Jul

60–80

45 × 30 cm

5.5–7.0

450–650

20–32

2–3 kg

15–22 t

Downy mildew, whitefly

Oregano

Herb

Perennial

Feb–Mar

90–120

45 × 30 cm

6.0–8.0

350–500

15–28

1–2 kg

6–10 t

Root rot, spider mite

Thyme

Herb

Perennial

Feb–Mar

90–120

40 × 25 cm

6.0–8.0

300–450

15–28

1–2 kg

5–8 t

Root rot, spider mite

Rosemary

Herb

Perennial

Feb–Mar

2–3 yr

90 × 60 cm

6.0–7.5

300–450

15–28

Cuttings

6–10 t

Root rot, scale

Sage

Herb

Perennial

Feb–Mar

90–150

60 × 40 cm

6.0–7.5

350–500

15–28

2–3 kg

6–9 t

Powdery mildew, root rot

Marjoram

Herb

Perennial

Feb–Mar

90–120

40 × 25 cm

6.5–8.0

350–500

15–28

1–2 kg

5–8 t

Root rot, aphid

Savory

Herb

Rabi

Sep–Oct

80–100

35 × 20 cm

6.0–7.5

300–450

15–26

2–3 kg

5–8 t

Root rot, aphid

Pandan

Herb

Perennial

Jun–Jul

12–18 mo

150 × 100 cm

5.5–6.5

1200–1800

22–32

Suckers

10–15 t

Leaf spot, mealybug

Kaffir Lime Leaf

Herb

Perennial

Jun–Jul

2–3 yr

4 × 4 m

5.5–7.0

900–1200

20–32

Nursery

6–10 t

Leaf miner, canker

Tarragon

Herb

Perennial

Feb–Mar

90–120

45 × 30 cm

6.0–7.5

350–500

13–24

Cuttings

5–8 t

Root rot, rust

Lovage

Herb

Perennial

Sep–Oct

120–150

60 × 45 cm

6.0–7.5

450–650

10–24

2–3 kg

10–15 t

Leaf miner, aphid

Angelica

Herb

Perennial

Sep–Oct

2 yr

90 × 60 cm

6.0–7.0

500–700

10–22

3–4 kg

8–12 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Chervil

Herb

Rabi

Sep–Nov

40–60

25 × 15 cm

6.0–7.0

300–450

10–20

3–4 kg

8–12 t

Aphid, downy mildew

Parsley

Herb

Rabi

Sep–Oct

70–90

30 × 15 cm

6.0–7.0

400–550

10–24

3–4 kg

12–18 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Mint Leaf

Herb

Perennial

Feb–Mar

90–120

45 × 30 cm

6.0–7.5

700–1000

20–30

Suckers

20–30 t

Rust, leaf spot

Curry Leaf

Herb

Perennial

Jun–Jul

18–24 mo

150 × 150 cm

6.0–7.5

700–1100

20–35

Nursery

10–15 t

Psyllid, leaf spot

Watercress

Aquatic

Perennial

Sep–Oct

50–70

20 × 15 cm

6.5–7.5

Flowing water

10–20

Cuttings

20–30 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Water Spinach

Aquatic

Kharif

Jun–Jul

40–60

30 × 20 cm

5.5–7.0

Flooded

22–32

Cuttings

25–40 t

Leaf beetle, white rust

Water Lily

Aquatic

Perennial

Mar–Apr

3–4 mo

150 × 150 cm

6.0–7.5

Ponded

18–32

Rhizomes

Ornamental

Aphid, leaf spot

Makhana (Foxnut)

Aquatic

Kharif

Dec–Feb

150–180

125 × 125 cm

6.0–7.5

Ponded 60–90 cm

20–35

80–100 kg

1.5–2.5 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Water Chestnut

Aquatic

Kharif

Jun–Jul

150–180

150 × 150 cm

6.5–7.5

Ponded 50–100 cm

20–32

150–200 kg

6–10 t

Leaf beetle, aphid

Lotus Root

Aquatic

Kharif

Mar–Apr

150–210

200 × 150 cm

6.0–7.5

Ponded 40–80 cm

20–32

Rhizomes

15–25 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Arrowhead

Aquatic

Kharif

Apr–May

120–150

45 × 45 cm

6.0–7.5

Ponded 15–30 cm

18–30

Corms

8–12 t

Leaf beetle, rot

Cattail

Aquatic

Perennial

Mar–Apr

12–18 mo

60 × 60 cm

5.5–7.5

Marshy

15–32

Rhizomes

20–30 t

Borer, leaf spot

Giant Swamp Taro

Aquatic

Perennial

Jun–Jul

18–24 mo

150 × 150 cm

5.5–7.0

Marshy

22–32

Suckers

20–35 t

Leaf blight, corm rot

Lotus

Aquatic

Kharif

Mar–Apr

5–7 mo

200 × 150 cm

6.0–7.5

Ponded 40–80 cm

20–32

Rhizomes

2–3 lakh blooms

Leaf spot, aphid

Chestnut

Nut

Perennial

Jan–Feb

5–7 yr

10 × 10 m

5.0–6.5

800–1200

10–24

Nursery

2–3 t

Blight, weevil

Macadamia

Nut

Perennial

Jun–Jul

5–7 yr

8 × 6 m

5.0–6.5

1000–1500

16–30

Nursery

2.5–4 t

Nut borer, husk spot

Grapefruit

Citrus

Perennial

Jul–Aug

3–4 yr

6 × 6 m

5.5–7.5

900–1200

15–35

Nursery

20–30 t

Citrus canker, leaf miner

Pomelo

Citrus

Perennial

Jul–Aug

4–5 yr

8 × 8 m

5.5–7.0

1000–1400

18–35

Nursery

20–30 t

Citrus canker, fruit fly

Citron

Citrus

Perennial

Jul–Aug

3–4 yr

5 × 5 m

5.5–7.5

800–1100

18–32

Nursery

15–25 t

Canker, leaf miner

Kumquat

Citrus

Perennial

Jul–Aug

3–4 yr

3 × 3 m

5.5–6.5

700–1000

12–30

Nursery

8–14 t

Leaf miner, scale

Rangpur Lime

Citrus

Perennial

Jul–Aug

3–4 yr

5 × 5 m

5.5–7.5

800–1100

18–35

Nursery

20–28 t

Canker, tristeza

Sweet Lime (Mosambi)

Citrus

Perennial

Jul–Aug

3–4 yr

6 × 6 m

5.5–7.5

900–1200

18–35

Nursery

20–30 t

Canker, leaf miner

Bergamot

Citrus

Perennial

Jul–Aug

3–4 yr

5 × 5 m

5.5–7.0

800–1100

15–30

Nursery

12–20 t

Canker, scale

Yuzu

Citrus

Perennial

Jul–Aug

4–6 yr

5 × 5 m

5.5–6.5

900–1300

5–28

Nursery

10–18 t

Canker, scab

Calamondin

Citrus

Perennial

Jul–Aug

2–3 yr

4 × 4 m

5.5–6.5

800–1100

18–32

Nursery

12–20 t

Leaf miner, scale

Finger Lime

Citrus

Perennial

Jul–Aug

4–5 yr

4 × 3 m

5.5–6.5

700–1000

12–32

Nursery

5–10 t

Scale, canker

Acid Lime

Citrus

Perennial

Jul–Aug

3–4 yr

5 × 5 m

5.5–7.5

800–1200

20–38

Nursery

15–25 t

Canker, leaf miner

Kaffir Lime

Citrus

Perennial

Jul–Aug

3–4 yr

4 × 4 m

5.5–7.0

900–1300

20–32

Nursery

10–15 t

Leaf miner, canker

Raspberry

Berry

Perennial

Jan–Feb

2 yr

250 × 50 cm

5.5–6.5

700–1000

10–24

Canes

6–10 t

Cane blight, spider mite

Blackberry

Berry

Perennial

Jan–Feb

2 yr

250 × 100 cm

5.5–7.0

700–1000

10–26

Canes

8–14 t

Cane blight, fruit fly

Blueberry

Berry

Perennial

Jan–Feb

3–4 yr

300 × 120 cm

4.0–5.5

800–1100

5–25

Nursery

6–10 t

Mummy berry, fruit fly

Cranberry

Berry

Perennial

Apr–May

3–4 yr

30 × 30 cm

4.0–5.5

Flooded beds

5–22

Cuttings

15–25 t

Fruit rot, fireworm

Gooseberry

Berry

Perennial

Jan–Feb

2–3 yr

180 × 150 cm

5.5–7.0

600–900

5–24

Nursery

6–10 t

Powdery mildew, sawfly

Blackcurrant

Berry

Perennial

Jan–Feb

2–3 yr

180 × 120 cm

6.0–6.8

600–900

5–24

Nursery

5–9 t

Gall mite, leaf spot

Redcurrant

Berry

Perennial

Jan–Feb

2–3 yr

180 × 120 cm

6.0–7.0

600–900

5–24

Nursery

5–8 t

Aphid, leaf spot

Elderberry

Berry

Perennial

Jan–Feb

2–3 yr

300 × 180 cm

5.5–7.5

700–1000

5–26

Cuttings

8–14 t

Aphid, borer

Boysenberry

Berry

Perennial

Jan–Feb

2 yr

250 × 150 cm

5.5–7.0

700–1000

10–26

Canes

8–12 t

Cane blight, fruit fly

Loganberry

Berry

Perennial

Jan–Feb

2 yr

250 × 150 cm

5.5–7.0

700–1000

10–26

Canes

7–11 t

Cane blight, aphid

Cape Gooseberry

Berry

Kharif

Jun–Jul

150–180

90 × 60 cm

5.5–7.5

500–750

13–28

0.3–0.5 kg

12–20 t

Fruit borer, leaf spot

Anise

Spice

Rabi

Oct–Nov

110–130

30 × 15 cm

6.0–7.5

300–450

12–25

8–10 kg

0.7–1 t

Aphid, blight

Star Anise

Spice

Perennial

Jun–Jul

6–8 yr

6 × 6 m

5.5–6.5

1500–2500

15–28

Nursery

1.5–3 t

Leaf spot, borer

Celery Seed

Spice

Rabi

Sep–Oct

140–170

45 × 25 cm

6.0–7.0

500–700

12–22

1–2 kg

0.8–1.2 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Nigella (Kalonji)

Spice

Rabi

Oct–Nov

130–150

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

250–400

10–25

8–10 kg

0.6–1 t

Aphid, root rot

Caraway

Spice

Rabi

Oct–Nov

150–180

30 × 15 cm

6.0–7.5

300–450

8–22

8–10 kg

0.6–1 t

Aphid, blight

Long Pepper (Pippali)

Spice

Perennial

Jun–Jul

2–3 yr

150 × 60 cm

5.5–7.0

1500–2500

20–32

Cuttings

0.8–1.5 t

Leaf spot, mealybug

Cubeb

Spice

Perennial

Jun–Jul

3–4 yr

250 × 250 cm

5.5–6.5

1800–2500

20–30

Cuttings

0.6–1 t

Leaf spot, borer

Galangal

Spice

Kharif

May–Jun

9–10 mo

45 × 30 cm

5.5–7.0

1500–2000

20–32

1500–2000 kg

12–18 t

Rhizome rot, shoot borer

Zedoary

Spice

Kharif

May–Jun

8–9 mo

30 × 25 cm

5.5–7.0

1200–1800

20–32

1500–2000 kg

10–15 t

Rhizome rot, leaf spot

Mango Ginger

Spice

Kharif

May–Jun

8–9 mo

30 × 25 cm

5.5–7.0

1200–1800

20–32

1500–2000 kg

12–18 t

Rhizome rot, shoot borer

Asafoetida (Hing)

Spice

Perennial

Sep–Oct

4–5 yr

90 × 60 cm

6.5–7.5

250–400

10–25

4–6 kg

0.05–0.1 t

Root rot, aphid

Allspice

Spice

Perennial

Jun–Jul

5–7 yr

7 × 7 m

5.5–7.0

1200–2000

20–32

Nursery

1–2 t

Leaf rust, scale

Poppy Seed

Spice

Rabi

Oct–Nov

120–150

30 × 20 cm

6.5–7.5

350–500

10–25

6–8 kg

0.6–1 t

Downy mildew, aphid

Bay Leaf (Tejpat)

Spice

Perennial

Jun–Jul

5–7 yr

5 × 5 m

5.5–7.0

1200–2000

15–30

Nursery

2–4 t

Leaf spot, scale

Saffron

Spice

Rabi

Aug–Sep

90–110

20 × 10 cm

6.0–8.0

300–450

10–22

6–8 t corms

3–5 kg

Corm rot, mite

Cinchona

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Jul

8–12 yr

2 × 2 m

4.5–6.0

1800–3000

15–25

Nursery

2–4 t

Root rot, leaf spot

Pyrethrum

Plantation

Perennial

Sep–Oct

2–3 yr

45 × 30 cm

5.5–7.0

800–1200

10–22

Splits

0.8–1.5 t

Aphid, root rot

Citronella

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Jul

6–8 mo

60 × 45 cm

5.5–7.5

1000–1500

20–32

Slips

20–30 t

Leaf blight, mite

Palmarosa

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Jul

5–6 mo

60 × 45 cm

6.0–8.0

700–1000

20–35

4–5 kg

15–25 t

Leaf blight, mite

Sago Palm

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Jul

8–12 yr

8 × 8 m

4.5–6.5

2000–3000

22–32

Suckers

15–25 t

Weevil, leaf spot

Rattan

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Jul

7–10 yr

4 × 4 m

4.5–6.5

2000–3000

22–32

Nursery

2–4 t

Borer, leaf spot

Betel Vine

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Jul

6–8 mo

60 × 30 cm

6.5–7.5

1500–2000

20–32

Cuttings

50–60 lakh leaves

Foot rot, leaf spot

Palmyra

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Jul

12–15 yr

10 × 10 m

6.0–8.0

500–1200

20–40

Seed nuts

Neera + fibre

Rhinoceros beetle, leaf rot

Bamboo

Plantation

Perennial

Jun–Jul

4–6 yr

5 × 5 m

5.0–7.0

1000–2000

18–35

Rhizomes

8–15 t

Shoot borer, witches broom

Kapok

Fibre

Perennial

Jun–Jul

4–6 yr

8 × 8 m

5.5–7.5

1000–1500

20–35

Nursery

0.4–0.8 t

Stainer bug, leaf spot

Abaca

Fibre

Perennial

Jun–Jul

18–24 mo

3 × 2 m

5.0–6.5

1800–2500

22–32

Suckers

2–3 t

Bunchy top, weevil

Roselle

Fibre

Kharif

Jun–Jul

150–180

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

500–800

20–32

20–25 kg

2–3 t

Stem rot, mealybug

Sansevieria

Fibre

Perennial

Jun–Jul

2–3 yr

60 × 45 cm

6.0–7.5

500–800

18–35

Suckers

2–4 t

Leaf spot, mealybug

Agave

Fibre

Perennial

Jun–Jul

4–6 yr

2 × 1 m

6.0–8.0

400–800

18–38

Suckers

2–4 t fibre

Weevil, leaf spot

Sisal

Fibre

Perennial

Jun–Jul

3–5 yr

2 × 1 m

6.0–8.0

500–900

20–38

Bulbils

2–3 t fibre

Weevil, zebra disease

Flax

Fibre

Rabi

Oct–Nov

110–130

20 cm rows

5.5–7.0

350–500

10–25

80–100 kg

1.5–2.5 t fibre

Rust, wilt

Ramie

Fibre

Perennial

Jun–Jul

4–6 mo

60 × 30 cm

5.5–6.5

1200–1800

20–32

Rhizomes

2.5–4 t fibre

Leaf spot, root rot

Coir

Fibre

Perennial

Jun–Jul

6–8 yr

7.5 × 7.5 m

5.5–7.5

1200–2000

22–35

Seed nuts

0.8–1.2 t fibre

Rhinoceros beetle, wilt

Hemp (Fibre)

Fibre

Kharif

Jun–Jul

100–120

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

15–27

40–50 kg

6–9 t stalk

Grey mould, borer

Lily

Flower

Rabi

Oct–Nov

90–120

20 × 15 cm

6.0–7.0

500–700

12–24

Bulbs

1–2 lakh stems

Botrytis, aphid

Bougainvillea

Flower

Perennial

Jun–Jul

12–18 mo

200 × 200 cm

5.5–7.5

500–800

15–35

Cuttings

Ornamental

Mealybug, leaf spot

Canna

Flower

Kharif

Jun–Jul

90–120

60 × 45 cm

6.0–7.5

700–1000

18–32

Rhizomes

Ornamental

Leaf roller, rust

Dahlia

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Oct

100–130

60 × 45 cm

6.0–7.0

500–700

12–24

Tubers

1.5–2 lakh blooms

Thrips, virus

Zinnia

Flower

Kharif · Rabi

Jun–Jul, Oct

60–75

30 × 30 cm

5.5–7.5

400–600

18–30

2–3 kg

4–6 lakh blooms

Powdery mildew, leaf spot

Cosmos

Flower

Kharif

Jun–Jul

70–90

45 × 30 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

18–30

2–3 kg

Ornamental

Aphid, powdery mildew

Petunia

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Oct

70–90

30 × 25 cm

6.0–7.0

400–550

13–25

0.2–0.3 kg

Ornamental

Aphid, botrytis

Impatiens

Flower

Kharif

Jun–Jul

60–80

30 × 25 cm

5.5–6.5

600–900

18–28

0.2–0.3 kg

Ornamental

Downy mildew, mite

Begonia

Flower

Perennial

Jun–Jul

90–120

25 × 25 cm

5.5–6.5

Misted

16–26

Tissue plants

Ornamental

Powdery mildew, thrips

Pansy

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Oct

70–90

25 × 20 cm

5.5–6.5

400–550

10–20

0.3–0.5 kg

Ornamental

Aphid, leaf spot

Nasturtium

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Oct

55–70

30 × 25 cm

6.0–7.5

350–500

13–24

8–10 kg

Ornamental

Aphid, leaf miner

Sweet Pea

Flower

Rabi

Oct–Nov

90–120

45 × 20 cm

6.5–7.5

400–600

10–20

40–50 kg

Ornamental

Powdery mildew, aphid

Snapdragon

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Oct

90–120

30 × 25 cm

6.0–7.0

450–650

10–22

0.2–0.3 kg

2–3 lakh spikes

Rust, aphid

Stock

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Oct

90–110

30 × 25 cm

6.5–7.5

400–600

10–20

0.3–0.4 kg

Ornamental

Downy mildew, aphid

Alyssum

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Oct

60–75

20 × 15 cm

6.0–7.5

300–450

10–24

0.2–0.3 kg

Ornamental

Aphid, downy mildew

Verbena

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Oct

70–90

30 × 25 cm

6.0–7.0

400–550

15–28

0.2–0.3 kg

Ornamental

Powdery mildew, thrips

Salvia

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Oct

80–100

30 × 30 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

15–28

0.2–0.3 kg

Ornamental

Whitefly, root rot

Celosia

Flower

Kharif

Jun–Jul

70–90

30 × 25 cm

6.0–7.0

400–600

18–30

0.3–0.5 kg

3–5 lakh spikes

Leaf spot, aphid

Gomphrena

Flower

Kharif

Jun–Jul

75–95

30 × 25 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

18–32

0.3–0.5 kg

Ornamental

Leaf spot, aphid

Helichrysum

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Oct

90–110

30 × 25 cm

6.0–7.5

350–500

13–26

0.2–0.3 kg

Ornamental

Aphid, downy mildew

Statice

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Oct

110–130

30 × 25 cm

6.5–7.5

350–500

13–26

0.3–0.4 kg

2–3 lakh stems

Botrytis, aphid

China Aster

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Oct

90–120

30 × 30 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

15–25

0.4–0.5 kg

3–4 lakh blooms

Wilt, aphid

Gypsophila

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Oct

100–120

40 × 30 cm

6.5–7.5

400–550

10–24

Cuttings

1.5–2 lakh stems

Botrytis, root rot

Alstroemeria

Flower

Perennial

Sep–Oct

10–12 mo

40 × 30 cm

6.0–6.8

500–700

13–22

Rhizomes

100–150 stems/m²

Botrytis, thrips

Iris

Flower

Rabi

Sep–Oct

90–120

30 × 25 cm

6.0–7.5

450–650

10–24

Rhizomes

Ornamental

Rhizome rot, thrips

Heliconia

Flower

Perennial

Jun–Jul

12–18 mo

200 × 150 cm

5.5–6.5

1500–2500

20–32

Rhizomes

15–25 stems/clump

Root rot, mealybug

Bird of Paradise

Flower

Perennial

Jun–Jul

3–4 yr

200 × 150 cm

6.0–7.5

800–1200

18–30

Suckers

8–12 stems/plant

Scale, root rot

Plumeria

Flower

Perennial

Jun–Jul

2–3 yr

4 × 4 m

6.0–7.5

600–900

18–35

Cuttings

Ornamental

Rust, stem rot

Ixora

Flower

Perennial

Jun–Jul

18–24 mo

120 × 90 cm

5.5–6.5

800–1200

20–32

Cuttings

Ornamental

Scale, leaf spot

Vinca (Periwinkle)

Flower

Kharif

Jun–Jul

70–90

30 × 30 cm

5.5–7.0

400–600

20–32

0.3–0.5 kg

Ornamental

Dieback, aphid

Coleus

Flower

Kharif

Jun–Jul

60–90

30 × 25 cm

6.0–7.0

500–750

18–30

Cuttings

Ornamental

Downy mildew, mealybug

Tulip

Flower

Rabi

Oct–Nov

70–90

20 × 15 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

5–18

Bulbs

1–1.5 lakh stems

Botrytis, bulb rot

Hyacinth

Flower

Rabi

Oct–Nov

80–100

20 × 15 cm

6.0–7.0

350–500

5–18

Bulbs

1–1.5 lakh stems

Bulb rot, aphid

Torch Ginger

Flower

Perennial

Jun–Jul

18–24 mo

200 × 150 cm

5.5–6.5

1800–2500

22–32

Rhizomes

10–20 stems/clump

Root rot, mealybug

Crossandra

Flower

Perennial

Jun–Jul

4–5 mo

45 × 30 cm

6.0–7.5

700–1000

20–32

Cuttings

8–12 t blooms

Nematode, wilt

Hibiscus

Flower

Perennial

Jun–Jul

12–18 mo

150 × 100 cm

6.0–7.0

800–1200

20–35

Cuttings

Ornamental

Mealybug, leaf spot

Sarpagandha

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

18–30 mo

45 × 30 cm

6.0–7.5

1000–1500

20–32

5–6 kg

1.5–2.5 t

Root rot, leaf spot

Haritaki

Medicinal

Perennial

Jul–Aug

8–10 yr

8 × 8 m

5.5–7.5

1000–1500

20–35

Nursery

1.5–3 t

Leaf spot, borer

Bibhitaki

Medicinal

Perennial

Jul–Aug

8–10 yr

10 × 10 m

5.5–7.5

900–1400

20–35

Nursery

2–4 t

Leaf spot, borer

Guduchi (Giloy)

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

12–18 mo

200 × 200 cm

6.0–7.5

800–1200

20–35

Cuttings

3–5 t

Leaf spot, mealybug

Shankhapushpi

Medicinal

Kharif

Jun–Jul

120–150

30 × 20 cm

6.0–7.5

500–700

18–32

3–4 kg

1.5–2.5 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Jatamansi

Medicinal

Perennial

Apr–May

2–3 yr

30 × 20 cm

5.5–6.5

800–1200

5–20

Rhizomes

1–1.5 t

Root rot, aphid

Vacha

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

10–12 mo

45 × 30 cm

5.5–7.0

Marshy

18–30

Rhizomes

3–5 t

Rhizome rot, leaf spot

Chitrak

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

18–24 mo

60 × 45 cm

6.0–7.5

700–1000

20–32

Cuttings

2–3 t

Root rot, mealybug

Manjishtha

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

2–3 yr

100 × 60 cm

6.0–7.5

900–1400

15–28

Cuttings

2–3 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Vidanga

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

3–4 yr

300 × 300 cm

5.5–7.0

1200–2000

20–32

Nursery

0.8–1.5 t

Leaf spot, borer

Bilva (Bael)

Medicinal

Perennial

Jul–Aug

5–7 yr

8 × 8 m

6.0–8.0

600–1000

20–38

Nursery

10–15 t

Fruit canker, borer

Shatavari

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

18–24 mo

60 × 45 cm

6.0–7.5

700–1000

20–32

Crowns

8–12 t

Root rot, aphid

Gokshura

Medicinal

Kharif

Jun–Jul

90–120

30 × 20 cm

6.5–8.0

300–500

22–35

5–6 kg

1–1.5 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Guggul

Medicinal

Perennial

Jul–Aug

8–10 yr

3 × 3 m

6.5–8.5

250–450

20–40

Cuttings

0.3–0.6 t

Stem borer, scale

Mulethi (Liquorice)

Medicinal

Perennial

Feb–Mar

3–4 yr

60 × 45 cm

6.0–8.2

400–600

15–30

Rhizomes

4–6 t

Root rot, aphid

Bhringraj

Medicinal

Kharif

Jun–Jul

90–120

30 × 20 cm

6.0–7.5

700–1000

20–32

2–3 kg

8–12 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Gudmar

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

2–3 yr

200 × 150 cm

6.0–7.5

800–1200

20–32

Cuttings

1.5–2.5 t

Leaf spot, mealybug

Kutki

Medicinal

Perennial

Apr–May

2–3 yr

30 × 20 cm

5.5–6.5

1000–1500

5–18

Rhizomes

0.8–1.2 t

Root rot, leaf spot

Nirgundi

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

12–18 mo

150 × 100 cm

6.0–7.5

700–1000

20–35

Cuttings

6–10 t

Leaf spot, mealybug

Bakuchi

Medicinal

Kharif

Jun–Jul

150–180

45 × 30 cm

6.5–8.0

400–600

20–35

5–6 kg

1–1.5 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Vasaka

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

12–18 mo

90 × 60 cm

6.0–7.5

700–1100

20–32

Cuttings

8–12 t

Leaf spot, mealybug

Arjuna

Medicinal

Perennial

Jul–Aug

8–10 yr

8 × 8 m

6.0–8.0

900–1500

20–38

Nursery

2–4 t

Leaf spot, borer

Ashoka

Medicinal

Perennial

Jul–Aug

6–8 yr

6 × 6 m

5.5–7.0

1200–2000

20–35

Nursery

1.5–3 t

Leaf spot, scale

Lodhra

Medicinal

Perennial

Jul–Aug

6–8 yr

5 × 5 m

5.5–7.0

1200–2000

18–32

Nursery

1.5–2.5 t

Leaf spot, borer

Kaunch

Medicinal

Kharif

Jun–Jul

150–180

75 × 30 cm

5.0–6.5

600–900

20–30

20–25 kg

1–1.5 t

Pod borer, leaf spot

Pushkarmool

Medicinal

Perennial

Apr–May

2 yr

45 × 30 cm

6.0–7.5

700–1000

10–24

Rhizomes

1.5–2.5 t

Root rot, aphid

Daruharidra

Medicinal

Perennial

Feb–Mar

4–5 yr

150 × 100 cm

5.5–7.0

800–1200

10–25

Nursery

2–3 t

Leaf spot, rust

Neem

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

5–8 yr

6 × 6 m

6.0–8.5

400–1000

20–40

Nursery

2–4 t

Scale, dieback

Brahmi

Medicinal

Perennial

Jun–Jul

4–6 mo

30 × 20 cm

5.5–7.0

Marshy

20–32

Cuttings

10–15 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Kalmegh

Medicinal

Kharif

Jun–Jul

120–150

30 × 20 cm

5.5–7.5

600–900

20–32

2–3 kg

2–3 t

Leaf spot, wilt

Periwinkle

Medicinal

Kharif

Jun–Jul

150–180

45 × 30 cm

5.5–7.5

500–800

20–32

2–3 kg

3–4 t

Dieback, aphid

Stylo

Fodder

Kharif

Jun–Jul

70–90

45 × 30 cm

5.0–7.0

600–900

20–32

5–6 kg

25–35 t

Anthracnose, stem borer

Hedge Lucerne

Fodder

Perennial

Jun–Jul

75–90

50 × 30 cm

6.0–7.5

600–900

20–35

10–12 kg

80–100 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Dhaincha

Fodder

Kharif

Jun–Jul

45–60

30 × 15 cm

6.0–8.5

500–800

20–35

25–30 kg

20–25 t

Stem borer, leaf spot

Para Grass

Fodder

Perennial

Jun–Jul

60–75

50 × 50 cm

5.5–7.5

Waterlogged

20–35

Slips

80–120 t

Leaf blight, armyworm

Rhodes Grass

Fodder

Perennial

Jun–Jul

60–75

50 × 30 cm

5.5–8.0

600–900

20–32

3–4 kg

40–60 t

Leaf blight, armyworm

Buffel Grass

Fodder

Perennial

Jun–Jul

60–80

50 × 50 cm

6.0–8.5

300–500

20–38

4–5 kg

30–45 t

Leaf blight, smut

Sudan Grass

Fodder

Kharif

Jun–Jul

55–70

30 × 10 cm

6.0–7.5

400–600

20–35

25–30 kg

45–60 t

Shoot fly, leaf spot

Fodder Beet

Fodder

Rabi

Oct–Nov

150–180

50 × 25 cm

6.0–7.5

500–700

10–24

6–8 kg

80–120 t

Leaf spot, aphid

Teosinte

Fodder

Kharif

Jun–Jul

70–90

45 × 20 cm

5.5–7.5

500–750

20–35

30–40 kg

40–60 t

Stem borer, leaf blight

Bermuda Grass

Fodder

Perennial

Jun–Jul

60–75

30 × 30 cm

5.5–8.0

500–800

20–35

Slips

25–40 t

Leaf spot, armyworm

Setaria

Fodder

Perennial

Jun–Jul

60–75

50 × 30 cm

5.5–7.5

700–1000

18–32

3–4 kg

50–70 t

Leaf blight, rust

Signal Grass

Fodder

Perennial

Jun–Jul

60–80

50 × 40 cm

4.5–7.0

800–1200

20–35

4–6 kg

40–60 t

Spittlebug, leaf blight

Guinea Grass

Fodder

Perennial

Jun–Jul

60–75

60 × 40 cm

5.5–7.5

800–1200

20–35

2.5–3 kg

80–120 t

Leaf blight, armyworm

Dinanath Grass

Fodder

Kharif

Jun–Jul

55–70

40 × 25 cm

6.0–7.5

500–800

20–35

4–5 kg

35–50 t

Leaf blight, shoot fly

Fodder Oats

Fodder

Rabi

Oct–Nov

55–70

25 cm rows

5.5–7.0

350–500

10–25

80–100 kg

35–50 t green

Rust, aphid

Teak

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

20–60 yr

3 × 3 m

6.5–7.5

1200–2500

22–38

Stumps

5–8 m³/yr

Teak defoliator, skeletoniser

Sal

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

60–120 yr

3 × 3 m

5.5–7.0

1000–2000

20–38

Nursery

3–5 m³/yr

Sal borer, heart rot

Eucalyptus

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

6–10 yr

2 × 2 m

5.5–7.5

800–1500

18–35

Clones

15–25 m³/yr

Gall wasp, termite

Poplar

Tree

Perennial

Jan–Feb

5–8 yr

5 × 4 m

6.0–8.0

900–1500

10–35

Entire plants

20–30 m³/yr

Defoliator, stem borer

Casuarina

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

4–7 yr

2 × 2 m

6.0–8.5

700–1200

20–38

Seedlings

20–30 m³/yr

Blister bark, termite

Mahogany

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

25–40 yr

4 × 4 m

5.5–7.5

1200–2500

20–35

Nursery

4–7 m³/yr

Shoot borer, leaf spot

Rosewood

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

40–60 yr

5 × 5 m

6.0–7.5

1000–2000

20–35

Nursery

3–5 m³/yr

Stem borer, heart rot

Sandalwood

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

15–30 yr

4 × 4 m

6.0–7.5

600–1200

12–35

Nursery

0.5–1 t heartwood

Spike disease, borer

Red Sanders

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

25–40 yr

4 × 4 m

6.0–7.5

500–900

20–38

Nursery

0.4–0.8 t heartwood

Stem borer, root rot

Deodar

Tree

Perennial

Mar–Apr

60–100 yr

3 × 3 m

5.5–7.0

1000–1800

5–25

Nursery

3–5 m³/yr

Bark beetle, root rot

Chir Pine

Tree

Perennial

Mar–Apr

40–60 yr

3 × 3 m

5.0–6.5

900–1600

10–30

Nursery

4–6 m³/yr

Bark beetle, needle blight

Oak

Tree

Perennial

Mar–Apr

60–120 yr

4 × 4 m

5.5–7.0

1000–2000

5–28

Nursery

2–4 m³/yr

Defoliator, powdery mildew

Shisham

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

20–30 yr

4 × 4 m

6.0–8.0

700–1300

15–38

Nursery

5–8 m³/yr

Dieback, stem borer

Gamhar

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

8–15 yr

3 × 3 m

5.5–7.5

900–1800

20–35

Nursery

10–15 m³/yr

Defoliator, stem borer

Kadam

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

10–15 yr

4 × 4 m

5.5–7.5

1000–2000

20–35

Nursery

10–14 m³/yr

Stem borer, leaf spot

Subabul

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

4–8 yr

2 × 2 m

6.0–8.0

700–1500

20–35

6–8 kg

12–20 m³/yr

Psyllid, root rot

Gliricidia

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

2–4 yr

2 × 1 m

5.5–7.5

800–1500

20–35

Cuttings

20–30 t green

Leaf spot, stem borer

Sesbania

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

1–3 yr

2 × 1 m

6.0–8.5

600–1200

20–38

10–12 kg

20–30 t green

Stem borer, leaf spot

Melia (Malabar Neem)

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

6–10 yr

3 × 3 m

6.0–7.5

800–1500

18–35

Nursery

12–18 m³/yr

Shoot borer, leaf spot

Ailanthus

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

8–12 yr

4 × 4 m

6.0–8.0

500–1000

18–38

Nursery

10–15 m³/yr

Defoliator, stem borer

Albizia

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

12–20 yr

5 × 5 m

6.0–8.0

800–1500

18–35

Nursery

8–12 m³/yr

Defoliator, heart rot

Willow

Tree

Perennial

Jan–Feb

5–8 yr

3 × 2 m

6.0–7.5

900–1600

5–30

Cuttings

12–18 m³/yr

Rust, stem borer

Alder

Tree

Perennial

Mar–Apr

15–25 yr

3 × 3 m

5.0–7.0

1200–2500

10–28

Nursery

8–12 m³/yr

Leaf beetle, canker

Prosopis

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

10–20 yr

5 × 5 m

6.5–8.5

200–600

20–45

Nursery

4–8 m³/yr

Stem borer, mistletoe

Khair

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

15–25 yr

3 × 3 m

6.0–8.0

500–1200

20–40

Nursery

3–6 m³/yr

Heart rot, borer

Palash

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

10–15 yr

5 × 5 m

6.0–8.0

600–1200

20–38

Nursery

Lac + gum

Stem borer, leaf spot

Semal

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

20–30 yr

6 × 6 m

6.0–7.5

900–1800

20–38

Nursery

6–10 m³/yr

Stainer bug, heart rot

Gulmohar

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

6–10 yr

8 × 8 m

6.0–7.5

700–1500

20–38

Nursery

Ornamental

Stem borer, leaf spot

Jacaranda

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

6–10 yr

8 × 8 m

6.0–7.5

700–1400

12–32

Nursery

Ornamental

Scale, leaf spot

Amaltas

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

8–12 yr

7 × 7 m

6.0–8.0

500–1200

20–38

Nursery

Ornamental

Defoliator, borer

Peepal

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

20–40 yr

10 × 10 m

6.0–8.0

800–1800

15–40

Cuttings

Fodder + shade

Leaf spot, scale

Banyan

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

25–50 yr

12 × 12 m

6.0–8.0

800–1800

18–40

Cuttings

Fodder + shade

Leaf spot, scale

Gular

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

8–12 yr

8 × 8 m

6.0–7.5

900–1800

18–38

Cuttings

20–30 t fodder

Fig fly, leaf spot

Kachnar

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

6–10 yr

6 × 6 m

6.0–7.5

700–1400

15–35

Nursery

6–10 t

Leaf spot, borer

Tun

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

15–25 yr

4 × 4 m

6.0–7.5

1000–2000

15–32

Nursery

8–12 m³/yr

Shoot borer, leaf spot

Anjan

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

30–50 yr

5 × 5 m

6.5–8.0

500–1000

20–40

Nursery

2–4 m³/yr

Heart rot, borer

Hardwickia

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

30–50 yr

5 × 5 m

6.5–8.0

500–1000

20–42

Nursery

2–4 m³/yr

Heart rot, borer

Bakain

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

8–12 yr

4 × 4 m

6.0–8.0

600–1200

15–38

Nursery

10–15 m³/yr

Shoot borer, leaf spot

Erythrina

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

3–6 yr

3 × 3 m

5.5–7.5

900–1800

20–35

Cuttings

15–25 t green

Stem borer, gall wasp

Calliandra

Tree

Perennial

Jun–Jul

2–4 yr

1 × 1 m

5.0–7.0

800–1500

20–32

3–4 kg

15–25 t green

Leaf spot, aphid

Tagasaste

Tree

Perennial

Sep–Oct

2–4 yr

2 × 1 m

5.5–7.5

400–800

5–28

4–5 kg

10–18 t green

Root rot, aphid

Portobello

Mushroom

Year-round

Any

35–45

Trays 30 cm

6.5–7.5

Composted

16–20

6–8 kg spawn/t

180–250 kg/t

Green mould, mites

Enoki

Mushroom

Year-round

Any

55–70

Bottles

5.5–6.5

Sawdust

10–15

5–6 kg spawn/t

250–350 kg/t

Bacterial blotch, mites

Morel

Mushroom

Rabi

Nov–Dec

90–150

Beds 30 cm

6.5–8.0

Moist beds

10–22

8–10 kg spawn/t

80–150 kg/t

Cobweb mould, mites

Milky Mushroom

Mushroom

Year-round

Any

30–40

Bags 30 cm

6.5–7.5

Pasteurised straw

25–35

5–6 kg spawn/t

250–350 kg/t

Green mould, fly

Paddy Straw Mushroom

Mushroom

Kharif

Jun–Sep

12–18

Beds 30 cm

6.5–7.5

Wet straw

28–35

5–7 kg spawn/t

100–150 kg/t

Coprinus, mites

King Oyster

Mushroom

Year-round

Any

40–55

Bottles

5.5–6.5

Sawdust

14–18

5–6 kg spawn/t

300–400 kg/t

Green mould, bacteria

Shimeji

Mushroom

Year-round

Any

50–65

Bottles

5.5–6.5

Sawdust

12–18

5–6 kg spawn/t

250–350 kg/t

Green mould, mites

Wood Ear

Mushroom

Year-round

Any

45–60

Bags 30 cm

5.5–7.0

Sawdust

20–30

5–6 kg spawn/t

200–300 kg/t

Green mould, mites

Reishi

Mushroom

Year-round

Any

90–120

Bags 30 cm

5.0–6.5

Hardwood

24–30

6–8 kg spawn/t

80–120 kg/t

Trichoderma, mites

Maitake

Mushroom

Year-round

Any

70–100

Bags 30 cm

5.5–6.5

Hardwood

16–22

6–8 kg spawn/t

150–250 kg/t

Green mould, bacteria

Lion's Mane

Mushroom

Year-round

Any

45–65

Bags 30 cm

5.0–6.5

Hardwood

18–24

5–6 kg spawn/t

200–300 kg/t

Trichoderma, mites

Cordyceps

Mushroom

Year-round

Any

60–90

Jars

5.5–6.5

Grain media

18–22

Liquid culture

40–80 kg/t

Bacteria, mould

Turkey Tail

Mushroom

Year-round

Any

60–90

Bags 30 cm

5.0–6.5

Hardwood

18–26

6–8 kg spawn/t

100–180 kg/t

Trichoderma, mites

Black Truffle

Mushroom

Perennial

Feb–Mar

6–10 yr

5 × 4 m

7.5–8.3

600–900

5–30

Inoculated saplings

20–60 kg/ha

Brûlé failure, rodents

Button Mushroom

Mushroom

Rabi

Oct–Feb

35–45

Trays 30 cm

6.5–7.5

Composted

16–20

6–8 kg spawn/t

180–250 kg/t

Green mould, mites

Oyster Mushroom

Mushroom

Year-round

Any

25–35

Bags 30 cm

5.5–6.5

Pasteurised straw

20–30

5–6 kg spawn/t

500–700 kg/t

Green mould, fly

Shiitake

Mushroom

Year-round

Any

70–120

Logs / bags

5.0–6.5

Hardwood

12–20

6–8 kg spawn/t

150–250 kg/t

Trichoderma, mites

Introduction: The Challenging Reality of Hydroponic Papaya Cultivation

Why Papaya is Challenging for Hydroponic Systems

Natural Growth Characteristics That Conflict with Hydroponics

Limited Success in Hydroponic Systems

Media-Based Systems: The Only Viable Hydroponic Approach

Why Media-Based Systems Work Better Than Other Hydroponic Methods

Optimal Media Mixtures for Papaya

Advanced Nutrient Recipes for Media-Based Papaya

Base Hydroponic Nutrient Formulation for Papaya

Growth Stage-Specific Nutrient Management

Specialized Nutrient Additions

Step-by-Step Growing Guide

System Setup and Media Preparation

Plant Selection and Establishment

Ongoing Management

Challenges and Realistic Solutions

Common Problems in Hydroponic Papaya

Disease and Pest Management

Economic Analysis and Realistic Returns

Investment Requirements

Revenue Projections (Realistic Expectations)

Break-Even Reality Check

Alternative Approaches and Recommendations

Semi-Hydroponic Container Growing

Focus on More Suitable Hydroponic Tree Fruits

Research and Educational Applications

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Feasibility and Expectations

Technical and Management Questions

Economic and Business Questions

System Design and Setup

Varieties and Plant Management

Conclusion: Making Informed Decisions About Hydroponic Papaya

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