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      Crop Intelligence

      Every crop, one table

      Sowing window, duration, spacing, soil pH, water need, temperature, seed rate, yield and key pests — across 538 crops and plants, from cereals to medicinals. Indicative planning ranges for Indian conditions; varieties and regions vary.

      538 crops shown
      Agronomic reference for common Indian crops
      Group Season Sowing Spacing Soil pH Temp °C Seed / ha Yield / ha Watch for
      Rice Cereal Kharif Jun–Jul 120–150 20 × 15 cm 5.5–6.5 1200–1800 22–32 40–50 kg 4–6 t Stem borer, blast, BPH
      Wheat Cereal Rabi Nov–Dec 120–150 22 cm rows 6.0–7.5 400–650 15–25 100–125 kg 4–5 t Yellow rust, aphid, termite
      Maize Cereal Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov 90–110 60 × 20 cm 5.5–7.5 500–800 21–30 18–20 kg 5–8 t Fall armyworm, stem borer
      Barley Cereal Rabi Nov–Dec 110–130 22 cm rows 6.5–8.0 300–450 12–25 75–100 kg 3–4 t Aphid, yellow rust
      Oats Cereal Rabi Oct–Nov 100–120 22 cm rows 5.5–7.0 350–500 15–25 80–100 kg 2.5–3.5 t Rust, aphid
      Buckwheat Cereal Rabi Sep–Oct 75–90 30 × 10 cm 5.0–7.0 300–450 15–25 40–50 kg 1–1.5 t Aphid, leaf spot
      Grain Amaranth Cereal Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct 90–110 45 × 20 cm 5.5–7.5 300–450 20–30 2–3 kg 1–1.5 t Stem weevil, leaf webber
      Sorghum (Jowar) Millet Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Sep–Oct 100–120 45 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 26–32 10–12 kg 2.5–4 t Shoot fly, midge, downy mildew
      Pearl Millet (Bajra) Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 75–90 45 × 15 cm 6.5–7.8 350–500 25–35 4–5 kg 2–3 t Downy mildew, ergot
      Finger Millet (Ragi) Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 100–120 30 × 10 cm 5.0–7.5 400–600 20–30 10–12 kg 2–3 t Blast, stem borer
      Foxtail Millet Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 25 × 10 cm 5.5–7.0 250–400 20–30 8–10 kg 1.5–2 t Blast, shoot fly
      Kodo Millet Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 100–120 25 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 300–450 25–32 10–12 kg 1–1.5 t Head smut, shoot fly
      Little Millet Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 25 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 250–400 22–32 8–10 kg 0.8–1.2 t Shoot fly, grain smut
      Barnyard Millet Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 75–90 25 × 10 cm 5.5–7.0 250–400 22–30 10–12 kg 1–1.5 t Grain smut, shoot fly
      Proso Millet Millet Kharif · Zaid Jun–Jul, Feb 60–75 25 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 200–350 20–30 10–12 kg 1–1.5 t Shoot fly, head smut
      Chickpea (Gram) Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 95–120 30 × 10 cm 6.0–8.0 250–400 15–25 75–100 kg 1.5–2.5 t Pod borer, wilt
      Pigeon Pea (Tur) Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 60 × 20 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 20–30 12–15 kg 1.5–2 t Pod borer, wilt, sterility mosaic
      Green Gram (Moong) Pulse Kharif · Zaid Jun–Jul, Mar–Apr 60–75 30 × 10 cm 6.2–7.2 250–350 25–35 15–20 kg 0.8–1.2 t Yellow mosaic, thrips
      Black Gram (Urad) Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 25–35 15–20 kg 0.8–1.2 t Yellow mosaic, powdery mildew
      Lentil (Masur) Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 100–120 25 × 5 cm 6.0–7.5 200–350 15–25 30–40 kg 1–1.5 t Rust, wilt, aphid
      Cowpea Pulse Kharif · Zaid Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar 70–90 45 × 15 cm 5.5–7.5 250–400 25–35 20–25 kg 1–1.5 t Aphid, pod borer
      Field Pea Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 100–130 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 13–23 75–100 kg 1.5–2.5 t Powdery mildew, pod borer
      Horse Gram Pulse Kharif · Rabi Aug–Sep 110–130 30 × 10 cm 5.0–7.5 200–300 20–30 25–30 kg 0.6–1 t Leaf spot, pod borer
      Moth Bean Pulse Kharif Jul 70–90 30 × 10 cm 6.0–8.0 150–300 25–35 10–12 kg 0.5–0.8 t Yellow mosaic, jassid
      Rajma (Kidney Bean) Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 40 × 15 cm 5.5–6.5 300–450 15–25 80–100 kg 1.5–2 t Anthracnose, bean fly
      Faba Bean Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 120–150 45 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 12–22 100–120 kg 2–3 t Chocolate spot, aphid
      Lablab (Sem) Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 110–140 60 × 30 cm 5.5–7.5 300–450 20–30 15–20 kg 1–1.5 t Pod borer, aphid
      Cluster Bean (Guar) Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 90–110 45 × 20 cm 7.0–8.5 250–400 25–35 15–20 kg 1–1.5 t Bacterial blight, jassid
      Groundnut Oilseed Kharif Jun–Jul 100–130 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 25–30 100–120 kg 2–2.5 t Leaf miner, tikka leaf spot
      Mustard Oilseed Rabi Oct–Nov 110–140 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 10–25 4–5 kg 1.5–2 t Aphid, white rust, alternaria
      Rapeseed (Toria) Oilseed Rabi Sep–Oct 85–100 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 200–350 10–25 4–5 kg 1–1.5 t Aphid, alternaria blight
      Soybean Oilseed Kharif Jun–Jul 90–110 45 × 5 cm 6.0–7.5 450–700 20–30 65–75 kg 2–2.5 t Girdle beetle, yellow mosaic
      Sunflower Oilseed Rabi · Zaid Oct–Nov, Jan–Feb 90–110 60 × 30 cm 6.5–8.0 400–600 20–28 8–10 kg 1.5–2 t Head borer, necrosis, downy mildew
      Sesame (Til) Oilseed Kharif · Zaid Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar 80–95 30 × 15 cm 5.5–8.0 300–450 25–32 4–5 kg 0.6–1 t Phyllody, leaf webber
      Castor Oilseed Kharif Jun–Aug 150–180 90 × 60 cm 5.5–7.5 500–700 20–30 5–8 kg 1.5–2.5 t Semilooper, capsule borer, wilt
      Safflower Oilseed Rabi Oct–Nov 120–140 45 × 20 cm 6.0–8.0 250–400 15–25 10–15 kg 1–1.5 t Aphid, wilt, alternaria
      Linseed Oilseed Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 25 × 5 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 15–25 25–30 kg 1–1.5 t Bud fly, rust, wilt
      Niger Oilseed Kharif Jul–Aug 90–110 30 × 10 cm 5.5–7.0 300–450 18–28 5–6 kg 0.4–0.6 t Leaf spot, capsule fly
      Cotton Fibre Kharif May–Jun 160–200 90 × 60 cm 6.0–8.0 700–1200 21–30 1.5–2.5 kg (Bt) 2–3 t seed cotton Pink bollworm, whitefly, jassid
      Jute Fibre Kharif Mar–May 110–140 25 × 7 cm 6.0–7.5 500–750 24–35 5–8 kg 2.5–3 t fibre Stem rot, semilooper
      Mesta (Kenaf) Fibre Kharif Apr–Jun 120–150 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 450–700 22–32 12–15 kg 2–2.5 t fibre Stem rot, spiral borer
      Sunn Hemp Fibre Kharif Jun–Jul 100–120 30 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 350–500 22–32 25–30 kg 1.5–2 t fibre Hairy caterpillar, wilt
      Sugarcane Plantation Perennial Oct–Nov, Feb–Mar 300–365 90–120 cm rows 6.5–7.5 1500–2500 20–35 35–40 k setts 80–100 t Early shoot borer, red rot, woolly aphid
      Tea Plantation Perennial Jun–Aug (planting) 3–4 yr to pluck 1.2 × 0.75 m 4.5–5.5 2000–2500 18–30 13 k plants 2–3 t made tea Red spider mite, blister blight
      Coffee Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 2.5 × 2.5 m 6.0–6.5 1500–2000 15–28 1,600 plants 1–1.5 t clean White stem borer, leaf rust
      Rubber Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 6–7 yr to tap 4.9 × 4.9 m 4.5–6.0 2000–3000 25–34 420 plants 1.5–2 t dry rubber Abnormal leaf fall, pink disease
      Coconut Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 5–6 yr to bear 7.5 × 7.5 m 5.5–7.5 1300–2300 20–32 175 palms 80–120 nuts/palm Rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, root wilt
      Arecanut Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 5–7 yr to bear 2.7 × 2.7 m 5.5–7.0 1500–2500 20–32 1,350 palms 2–3 t dry kernel Koleroga, yellow leaf disease
      Cashew Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 7.5 × 7.5 m 5.5–7.0 800–1200 20–35 175 plants 1–1.5 t nuts Tea mosquito bug, stem borer
      Cocoa Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 2.7 × 2.7 m 5.5–7.0 1500–2000 20–30 1,100 plants 1–1.5 t dry bean Black pod, tea mosquito bug
      Oil Palm Plantation Perennial Jun–Sep (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 9 m triangular 5.0–7.0 2000–2500 24–32 143 palms 20–25 t FFB Rhinoceros beetle, bud rot
      Tobacco Plantation Rabi Sep–Oct 110–130 90 × 60 cm 5.5–6.5 400–600 20–30 250–300 g 1.5–2.5 t cured Aphid, budworm, black shank
      Tomato Vegetable Year-round Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov, Jan–Feb 110–140 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 20–27 250–400 g 25–40 t Fruit borer, leaf curl virus, early blight
      Onion Vegetable Rabi · Kharif Oct–Nov, Jun–Jul 120–150 15 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 350–550 13–25 8–10 kg 25–35 t Thrips, purple blotch, basal rot
      Potato Vegetable Rabi Oct–Nov 90–120 60 × 20 cm 5.5–6.5 450–650 15–22 2.5–3 t tubers 25–35 t Late blight, aphid, tuber moth
      Brinjal Vegetable Year-round Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov, Feb–Mar 120–150 60 × 60 cm 5.5–6.8 400–600 22–30 400–500 g 25–35 t Shoot & fruit borer, wilt
      Okra (Bhindi) Vegetable Kharif · Zaid Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar 55–70 45 × 30 cm 6.0–6.8 350–500 24–32 8–10 kg 10–15 t Yellow vein mosaic, shoot borer, jassid
      Chilli Vegetable Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov 150–180 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 20–30 1–1.5 kg 2–3 t dry Thrips, leaf curl, anthracnose
      Capsicum Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 110–130 45 × 30 cm 6.0–6.8 400–600 18–27 750 g–1 kg 20–30 t Thrips, mites, anthracnose
      Cabbage Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 90–120 45 × 45 cm 6.0–6.5 350–500 15–21 400–500 g 25–35 t Diamondback moth, black rot
      Cauliflower Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 90–120 45 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 15–20 400–500 g 20–30 t Diamondback moth, downy mildew
      Broccoli Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 90–110 45 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 15–20 400–500 g 12–18 t Aphid, diamondback moth
      Knol-khol Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 60–80 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 300–450 15–22 1–1.5 kg 20–25 t Aphid, black rot
      Cucumber Vegetable Zaid · Kharif Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul 50–70 150 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 20–30 2–3 kg 15–20 t Downy mildew, fruit fly, red pumpkin beetle
      Bottle Gourd Vegetable Zaid · Kharif Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul 60–80 250 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 22–32 3–5 kg 20–25 t Fruit fly, downy mildew
      Bitter Gourd Vegetable Zaid · Kharif Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul 55–75 150 × 60 cm 6.0–6.7 350–500 24–32 4–5 kg 12–18 t Fruit fly, mosaic virus
      Ridge Gourd Vegetable Zaid · Kharif Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul 55–75 200 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 24–32 3–4 kg 12–16 t Fruit fly, powdery mildew
      Sponge Gourd Vegetable Zaid · Kharif Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul 55–75 200 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 24–32 3–4 kg 12–16 t Fruit fly, downy mildew
      Ash Gourd Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 250 × 90 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 24–32 4–6 kg 25–35 t Fruit fly, mosaic
      Pumpkin Vegetable Zaid · Kharif Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul 90–120 250 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 20–30 4–6 kg 20–30 t Red pumpkin beetle, powdery mildew
      Watermelon Vegetable Zaid Jan–Mar 80–100 200 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 24–32 2.5–3.5 kg 25–35 t Fruit fly, anthracnose, wilt
      Muskmelon Vegetable Zaid Jan–Mar 75–95 150 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 350–550 24–32 2–2.5 kg 15–25 t Fruit fly, downy mildew
      French Bean Vegetable Rabi · Zaid Oct–Nov, Feb 60–80 45 × 15 cm 5.5–6.5 300–450 16–24 60–80 kg 8–12 t Anthracnose, bean fly
      Garden Pea Vegetable Rabi Oct–Nov 90–110 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 13–22 80–100 kg 8–12 t Powdery mildew, pod borer
      Radish Vegetable Rabi · Year-round Sep–Jan 40–60 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.0 250–400 15–25 10–12 kg 20–30 t Aphid, white rust
      Carrot Vegetable Rabi Aug–Nov 90–110 30 × 8 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 15–22 5–6 kg 20–30 t Leaf blight, aphid, nematode
      Beetroot Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 80–100 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 15–24 7–8 kg 20–30 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Turnip Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 55–75 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.0 250–400 13–22 4–5 kg 20–25 t Aphid, white rust
      Spinach (Palak) Vegetable Rabi · Year-round Sep–Feb 35–50 25 × 5 cm 6.0–7.5 200–350 15–25 25–30 kg 12–18 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Fenugreek (Methi) Vegetable Rabi Oct–Nov 40–60 25 × 5 cm 6.0–7.5 200–350 15–25 25–30 kg 8–12 t Powdery mildew, aphid
      Amaranth (Leafy) Vegetable Year-round Feb–Sep 30–45 20 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 200–350 22–32 2–3 kg 10–15 t Leaf webber, stem weevil
      Lettuce Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 60–80 30 × 30 cm 6.0–7.0 250–400 13–20 400–500 g 15–20 t Aphid, downy mildew
      Celery Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 110–130 40 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 15–22 2–3 kg 20–25 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Sweet Potato Vegetable Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov 100–130 60 × 20 cm 5.5–6.8 400–600 21–30 35–40 k vines 20–25 t Weevil, leaf curl
      Colocasia (Arbi) Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 60 × 45 cm 5.5–7.0 800–1200 21–32 2–2.5 t corms 15–20 t Leaf blight, aphid
      Elephant Foot Yam Vegetable Kharif Apr–May 210–240 90 × 90 cm 5.5–7.0 800–1200 25–35 10–12 t corms 30–40 t Collar rot, mosaic
      Drumstick (Moringa) Vegetable Perennial Jun–Jul 180–240 2.5 × 2.5 m 6.0–7.5 500–800 25–35 600 g 25–30 t pods Hairy caterpillar, fruit fly
      Banana Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar 300–365 1.8 × 1.8 m 6.0–7.5 1200–2000 20–35 3,000 suckers 50–70 t Sigatoka, panama wilt, weevil
      Mango Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 10 × 10 m 5.5–7.5 700–1000 24–30 100 grafts 8–12 t Hopper, powdery mildew, fruit fly
      Papaya Fruit Year-round Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul 270–300 1.8 × 1.8 m 6.0–7.0 1000–1500 22–32 250–300 g 40–60 t Ring spot virus, mealybug
      Guava Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 2–3 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 800–1000 23–30 270 plants 20–25 t Fruit fly, wilt, anthracnose
      Sweet Orange Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 900–1200 20–32 270 plants 20–25 t Citrus canker, leaf miner, psylla
      Mandarin (Kinnow) Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 900–1200 18–30 270 plants 20–30 t Citrus canker, greening, leaf miner
      Lemon Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.5 800–1100 20–32 400 plants 15–20 t Canker, leaf miner, gummosis
      Grapes Fruit Perennial Jan–Feb (planting) 2–3 yr to bear 3 × 2 m 6.5–7.5 600–900 15–35 1,650 vines 20–30 t Downy mildew, powdery mildew, thrips
      Pomegranate Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 2–3 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 6.5–7.5 600–900 20–35 400 plants 15–20 t Bacterial blight, fruit borer
      Apple Fruit Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 4–6 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 5.5–6.5 800–1200 10–24 400 plants 15–20 t Scab, codling moth, woolly aphid
      Pear Fruit Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 4–6 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.0 800–1100 10–25 270 plants 15–20 t Scab, leaf blight
      Peach Fruit Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.0 700–1000 12–26 400 plants 10–15 t Leaf curl, fruit fly
      Plum Fruit Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.0 700–1000 12–26 400 plants 10–15 t Brown rot, aphid
      Litchi Fruit Perennial Jun–Sep (planting) 5–7 yr to bear 8 × 8 m 5.5–7.0 1200–1600 20–35 156 plants 8–12 t Fruit borer, mite, fruit cracking
      Sapota (Chikoo) Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 8 × 8 m 6.0–8.0 900–1300 20–32 156 plants 15–20 t Bud borer, leaf spot
      Custard Apple Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 6.5–7.5 600–800 23–32 400 plants 8–10 t Mealybug, anthracnose
      Jackfruit Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 5–7 yr to bear 10 × 10 m 6.0–7.5 1000–1500 22–35 100 plants 15–20 t Fruit rot, shoot borer
      Pineapple Fruit Perennial Jul–Sep 450–540 60 × 30 cm 5.0–6.0 1000–1500 22–32 43 k suckers 50–60 t Mealybug, heart rot
      Ber (Indian Jujube) Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 2–3 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 6.0–8.5 400–600 20–35 270 plants 15–20 t Fruit fly, powdery mildew
      Amla Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 8 × 8 m 6.0–8.0 600–900 20–35 156 plants 10–15 t Rust, bark eating caterpillar
      Fig Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 2–3 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.5 600–800 20–32 400 plants 10–15 t Rust, stem borer
      Date Palm Fruit Perennial Feb–Mar (planting) 5–7 yr to bear 8 × 8 m 7.0–8.5 1200–1800 25–40 156 palms 10–15 t Graphiola leaf spot, borer
      Strawberry Fruit Rabi Sep–Oct 90–120 30 × 30 cm 5.5–6.5 400–600 15–25 55 k runners 10–15 t Grey mould, mite, leaf spot
      Kiwi Fruit Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 4 × 5 m 5.5–7.0 900–1200 10–25 500 vines 12–18 t Root rot, leaf spot
      Avocado Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 8 × 8 m 5.5–6.5 1000–1400 20–30 156 plants 8–12 t Anthracnose, root rot
      Dragon Fruit Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 18–24 mo to bear 3 × 3 m 5.5–7.0 600–900 20–35 1,100 posts 10–15 t Stem canker, mealybug
      Almond Nut Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 700–1000 10–28 270 plants 1.5–2 t Leaf blight, hairy caterpillar
      Walnut Nut Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 6–8 yr to bear 10 × 10 m 6.0–7.5 800–1200 10–25 100 plants 2–3 t Anthracnose, walnut blight
      Pecan Nut Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 6–8 yr to bear 10 × 10 m 6.0–7.0 900–1300 15–30 100 plants 1.5–2.5 t Scab, aphid, shuck decline
      Pistachio Nut Perennial Jan–Feb (planting) 6–8 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 7.0–8.0 600–900 15–35 270 plants 1.5–2 t Alternaria blight, twig borer
      Hazelnut Nut Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.0 700–1000 10–24 400 plants 1.5–2 t Blight, filbert weevil
      Turmeric Spice Kharif May–Jun 240–270 30 × 20 cm 5.5–7.5 1200–1500 20–30 2–2.5 t rhizome 25–30 t fresh Rhizome rot, leaf spot, shoot borer
      Ginger Spice Kharif Apr–May 210–240 25 × 20 cm 5.5–6.5 1300–1800 20–30 1.5–2 t rhizome 15–20 t fresh Soft rot, bacterial wilt
      Coriander Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 90–110 30 × 15 cm 6.0–8.0 250–400 15–25 10–15 kg 1–1.5 t Powdery mildew, aphid, wilt
      Cumin Spice Rabi Nov–Dec 100–120 30 × 10 cm 6.8–8.3 250–350 15–25 12–15 kg 0.6–0.8 t Wilt, blight, aphid
      Fennel Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 140–160 45 × 20 cm 6.5–8.0 350–500 15–25 8–10 kg 1.5–2 t Aphid, blight, wilt
      Fenugreek (Seed) Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 120–140 25 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 15–25 20–25 kg 1.2–1.8 t Powdery mildew, root rot
      Garlic Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 130–160 15 × 10 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 12–24 500–600 kg cloves 8–12 t Thrips, purple blotch, basal rot
      Black Pepper Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 3 × 3 m 5.5–6.5 2000–3000 20–32 1,100 vines 2–3 t dry Quick wilt, pollu beetle
      Cardamom (Small) Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 2–3 yr to bear 2 × 2 m 5.0–6.5 1500–2500 15–28 2,500 plants 150–250 kg dry Katte virus, thrips, rot
      Cardamom (Large) Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3 yr to bear 1.5 × 1.5 m 5.0–6.5 2000–3000 10–25 4,400 plants 200–300 kg dry Chirke, foorkey virus
      Clove Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 6–8 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 5.5–7.0 1500–2500 20–30 270 plants 1–2 kg/tree Leaf rot, seedling wilt
      Cinnamon Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3–4 yr to harvest 2 × 2 m 5.0–7.0 1500–2500 20–30 2,500 plants 150–200 kg quill Leaf spot, stripe canker
      Nutmeg Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 6–8 yr to bear 8 × 8 m 5.5–7.0 1500–2500 20–32 156 plants 500–1000 fruits/tree Fruit rot, die-back
      Ajwain Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 140–160 45 × 20 cm 6.5–8.0 250–400 15–25 3–4 kg 0.8–1.2 t Powdery mildew, aphid
      Dill Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 30 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 15–25 8–10 kg 0.8–1 t Aphid, powdery mildew
      Tamarind Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 6–8 yr to bear 10 × 10 m 6.0–8.0 700–1000 22–35 100 plants 150–200 kg/tree Fruit borer, scale
      Vanilla Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3 yr to bear 2 × 1.5 m 6.0–7.0 1500–2500 21–32 1,600 vines 300–500 kg green Bean rot, stem rot
      Marigold Flower Year-round Jun, Sep, Jan 60–90 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 18–30 1–1.5 kg 15–20 t Leaf spot, thrips, red spider mite
      Rose Flower Perennial Sep–Oct (planting) 90–120 to flower 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 600–900 15–28 37 k plants 8–10 lakh blooms Black spot, powdery mildew, thrips
      Jasmine Flower Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 1–2 yr to bear 1.5 × 1.5 m 6.5–7.5 700–1000 20–32 4,400 plants 8–12 t Bud worm, leaf webber, gall mite
      Chrysanthemum Flower Rabi Jun–Jul 110–130 30 × 30 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 15–25 1.1 lakh cuttings 15–20 t Leaf spot, aphid, thrips
      Tuberose Flower Kharif Mar–Apr 90–120 30 × 20 cm 6.5–7.5 500–700 20–30 2–2.5 lakh bulbs 15–20 t spikes Aphid, thrips, stem rot
      Gladiolus Flower Rabi Sep–Nov 90–120 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 15–25 2–2.5 lakh corms 2–2.5 lakh spikes Fusarium wilt, thrips
      Gerbera Flower Protected Year-round 90–100 to flower 30 × 30 cm 5.5–6.5 Drip fertigation 18–26 60 k plants 200–250 stems/m² Powdery mildew, whitefly, mite
      Carnation Flower Protected Year-round 120–150 to flower 15 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 Drip fertigation 13–22 2.5 lakh plants 250–300 stems/m² Fusarium wilt, thrips, mite
      Orchid Flower Protected Year-round 18–24 mo to bear 30 × 30 cm 5.5–6.5 Misting 20–30 40 k plants 4–6 spikes/plant Black rot, scale, thrips
      Anthurium Flower Protected Year-round 12–18 mo to bear 30 × 30 cm 5.5–6.5 Misting 18–28 60 k plants 6–8 blooms/plant Bacterial blight, mite
      Aloe Vera Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 240–300 60 × 45 cm 6.0–8.0 400–600 20–35 25 k suckers 30–40 t leaf Leaf spot, mealybug
      Ashwagandha Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 30 × 10 cm 6.5–8.0 300–450 20–32 10–12 kg 0.6–0.8 t root Leaf spot, aphid
      Tulsi (Holy Basil) Medicinal Kharif Apr–May 90–110 45 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 20–32 300–400 g 10–12 t herb Leaf roller, powdery mildew
      Lemongrass Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 90 per cut 60 × 45 cm 5.5–7.5 800–1200 20–32 35 k slips 15–20 t herb Leaf blight, rust
      Mentha (Menthol Mint) Medicinal Zaid Jan–Feb 110–130 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 600–900 20–30 400–500 kg suckers 100–150 kg oil Leaf spot, hairy caterpillar
      Stevia Medicinal Perennial Feb–Mar 90 per cut 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 600–900 18–30 90 k plants 3–4 t dry leaf Leaf spot, wilt
      Isabgol (Psyllium) Medicinal Rabi Nov–Dec 110–130 30 × 10 cm 7.0–8.5 250–350 15–25 4–5 kg 0.8–1.2 t Downy mildew, aphid
      Senna Medicinal Kharif · Rabi Jul, Oct 110–130 45 × 30 cm 7.0–8.5 250–400 20–35 15–20 kg 1–1.5 t leaf Leaf spot, pod borer
      Safed Musli Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 180–210 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.5 600–900 20–32 5–6 q roots 2–2.5 t fresh root Root rot, leaf spot
      Vetiver (Khus) Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 540–600 60 × 45 cm 5.5–8.0 800–1200 20–35 35 k slips 20–25 kg oil Root borer, leaf blight
      Patchouli Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 150 per cut 60 × 60 cm 5.5–7.0 1500–2000 22–30 28 k cuttings 40–60 kg oil Leaf blight, wilt, nematode
      Berseem Fodder Rabi Oct–Nov 50 per cut Broadcast 6.5–7.5 500–700 15–25 20–25 kg 80–100 t green Root rot, stem rot
      Lucerne (Alfalfa) Fodder Perennial Oct–Nov 45 per cut 30 cm rows 6.5–7.5 600–900 15–30 12–15 kg 80–100 t green Wilt, aphid
      Napier (Hybrid) Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60 per cut 90 × 60 cm 5.5–7.5 1000–1500 25–35 20 k slips 200–250 t green Leaf blight, stem borer
      Fodder Maize Fodder Kharif · Zaid Jun–Jul, Feb 60–70 30 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 21–30 50–60 kg 40–50 t green Stem borer, leaf blight
      Fodder Sorghum Fodder Kharif Jun–Jul 60–75 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 25–32 35–40 kg 40–50 t green Shoot fly, anthracnose
      Fodder Cowpea Fodder Kharif Jun–Jul 55–70 30 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 300–450 25–35 35–40 kg 25–30 t green Aphid, leaf spot
      Oats (Fodder) Fodder Rabi Oct–Nov 60–70 25 cm rows 5.5–7.0 350–500 15–25 80–100 kg 35–45 t green Rust, aphid
      Quinoa Cereal Rabi Oct–Nov 90–120 45 × 15 cm 6.0–8.5 300–450 15–25 5–8 kg 1.5–2.5 t Downy mildew, leaf miner
      Triticale Cereal Rabi Nov 120–140 22 cm rows 5.5–7.5 400–550 12–25 100–125 kg 4–5 t Rust, aphid
      Hull-less Barley Cereal Rabi Nov–Dec 110–130 22 cm rows 6.5–8.0 300–450 12–25 75–100 kg 2.5–3.5 t Aphid, yellow rust
      Fonio Cereal Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 Broadcast 5.0–6.5 400–600 25–32 20–30 kg 0.6–1 t Bird damage, blast
      Teff Cereal Kharif Jul 90–120 Broadcast 5.5–7.5 350–500 18–28 8–12 kg 1–1.8 t Lodging, rust
      Job's Tears Cereal Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 700–1000 22–30 20–25 kg 2–3 t Smut, stem borer
      Wild Rice Cereal Kharif Apr–May 100–120 Broadcast 6.0–7.5 1200–1800 18–28 30–40 kg 0.8–1.5 t Bird damage, brown spot
      Spelt Cereal Rabi Oct–Nov 130–150 22 cm rows 6.0–7.5 400–550 12–22 130–160 kg 2.5–3.5 t Rust, loose smut
      Einkorn Cereal Rabi Oct–Nov 130–160 22 cm rows 6.0–7.5 350–500 12–22 100–120 kg 1.5–2.5 t Rust, lodging
      Emmer Cereal Rabi Oct–Nov 125–150 22 cm rows 6.0–7.5 350–500 12–24 100–125 kg 2–3 t Rust, loose smut
      Rye Cereal Rabi Oct–Nov 120–150 20 cm rows 5.0–7.0 350–500 10–22 100–120 kg 2.5–3.5 t Ergot, aphid
      Canary Grass Cereal Rabi Nov 110–130 22 cm rows 6.0–7.5 350–500 12–25 25–30 kg 1–1.5 t Aphid, lodging
      Popcorn Cereal Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct 95–115 60 × 20 cm 5.8–7.0 500–700 21–30 8–10 kg 2.5–3.5 t Fall armyworm, stem borer
      Browntop Millet Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 60–75 25 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 300–450 25–33 8–10 kg 0.8–1.2 t Blast, shoot fly
      Japanese Millet Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 60–80 25 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 350–500 22–32 10–12 kg 1.5–2 t Blast, armyworm
      Lathyrus (Khesari) Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 10–25 30–40 kg 0.8–1.2 t Downy mildew, aphid
      Bambara Groundnut Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 110–150 30 × 20 cm 5.0–6.5 500–700 20–30 55–75 kg 0.8–1.5 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Velvet Bean (Mucuna) Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 75 × 30 cm 5.0–6.5 600–900 20–30 20–25 kg 1–1.5 t Pod borer, leaf spot
      Sword Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 120–150 90 × 60 cm 5.5–7.0 500–750 20–30 40–50 kg 1.5–2 t Pod borer, aphid
      Winged Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 120–150 60 × 30 cm 5.5–6.5 800–1200 20–30 30–40 kg 2–3 t Pod borer, leaf spot
      Rice Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 30 × 10 cm 5.5–7.0 400–600 22–30 20–25 kg 0.8–1.2 t Pod borer, yellow mosaic
      Adzuki Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 45 × 10 cm 5.5–6.5 400–550 18–28 25–30 kg 1–1.5 t Pod borer, root rot
      Lima Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 60 × 30 cm 6.0–7.0 450–650 18–27 40–50 kg 1–1.5 t Pod borer, downy mildew
      Grass Pea Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 10–25 30–40 kg 0.8–1.2 t Downy mildew, aphid
      Broad Bean Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 100–130 45 × 20 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 10–22 100–120 kg 1.5–2.5 t Chocolate spot, aphid
      Scarlet Runner Bean Pulse Rabi Sep–Oct 90–110 75 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 14–24 60–70 kg 2–3 t Anthracnose, aphid
      Tepary Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 70–95 45 × 10 cm 6.0–7.8 200–350 20–32 25–30 kg 0.7–1.2 t Bacterial blight, leafhopper
      Yam Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 60 × 25 cm 5.5–7.0 700–1000 20–30 20–25 kg 20–30 t Root rot, leaf spot
      Jack Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 120–150 90 × 45 cm 5.0–7.0 500–750 20–30 45–55 kg 1.5–2 t Pod borer, leaf spot
      Pinto Bean Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 90–110 45 × 10 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 16–26 60–70 kg 1.5–2 t Anthracnose, rust
      Navy Bean Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 85–100 45 × 8 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 16–26 60–70 kg 1.5–2 t Halo blight, rust
      Lupin Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 120–150 30 × 10 cm 5.0–6.5 350–500 10–22 100–130 kg 1.5–2.5 t Anthracnose, brown spot
      Black-eyed Pea Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 75–90 45 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 22–32 20–25 kg 1–1.5 t Pod borer, aphid
      Yardlong Bean Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 60–80 60 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 500–700 22–32 12–15 kg 10–14 t Pod borer, aphid
      Paprika Vegetable Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct 150–180 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 600–800 18–30 1–1.5 kg 2–3 t Thrips, anthracnose
      Summer Squash Vegetable Kharif · Zaid Feb–Mar, Jun 45–60 120 × 60 cm 5.8–7.0 400–600 18–30 4–5 kg 15–25 t Fruit fly, powdery mildew
      Winter Squash Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 200 × 100 cm 5.8–7.0 500–700 18–30 3–4 kg 20–30 t Fruit fly, downy mildew
      Zucchini Vegetable Zaid · Rabi Feb–Mar, Oct 45–60 120 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 18–28 4–5 kg 20–30 t Powdery mildew, fruit fly
      Spiny Gourd Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 90–110 150 × 100 cm 5.5–7.0 600–900 22–32 Tubers 6–10 t Fruit fly, mosaic
      Salsify Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 120–150 30 × 8 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 10–24 8–10 kg 12–18 t Carrot fly, white blister
      Celeriac Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 110–140 40 × 30 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 12–22 0.3–0.5 kg 25–35 t Leaf spot, celery fly
      Parsnip Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 120–160 40 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 400–550 8–20 4–5 kg 20–30 t Canker, carrot fly
      Arracacha Vegetable Perennial Jun–Jul 10–12 mo 80 × 50 cm 5.5–6.5 800–1200 15–22 Offsets 15–25 t Root rot, leaf spot
      Oca Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 180–240 60 × 30 cm 5.5–6.5 600–800 10–22 1500–2000 kg 15–25 t Weevil, virus
      Mashua Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 180–240 70 × 40 cm 5.3–7.5 700–1000 10–20 1200–1600 kg 20–30 t Nematode, virus
      Arrowroot Vegetable Kharif May–Jun 10–11 mo 30 × 25 cm 5.5–6.5 1200–1800 20–30 1500–2000 kg 15–25 t Leaf spot, rot
      Chinese Potato Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 30 × 15 cm 5.5–7.0 700–1000 20–30 1000–1200 kg 15–20 t Nematode, leaf spot
      Daikon Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 55–70 45 × 15 cm 5.8–6.8 300–450 10–25 8–10 kg 30–45 t Aphid, club root
      Horseradish Vegetable Perennial Feb–Mar 8–10 mo 60 × 40 cm 6.0–7.5 500–700 10–24 Root sets 8–12 t White rust, flea beetle
      Swede Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 90–120 45 × 20 cm 5.5–7.0 350–500 8–20 2–3 kg 35–50 t Club root, flea beetle
      Scorzonera Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 150–180 30 × 8 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 10–22 10–12 kg 12–18 t White blister, aphid
      Shallot Vegetable Rabi Oct–Nov 90–110 20 × 10 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 13–24 800–1000 kg 12–18 t Thrips, purple blotch
      Leek Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 120–150 40 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 450–650 10–24 4–6 kg 25–35 t Thrips, rust
      Spring Onion Vegetable Rabi · Zaid Sep–Oct, Feb 60–80 20 × 8 cm 6.0–7.0 300–450 13–25 8–10 kg 15–20 t Thrips, downy mildew
      Elephant Garlic Vegetable Rabi Oct–Nov 150–180 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 12–24 1200–1500 kg 10–15 t White rot, thrips
      Brussels Sprout Vegetable Rabi Aug–Sep 120–150 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 7–20 0.4–0.5 kg 12–18 t Aphid, club root
      Collard Greens Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 70–90 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 10–24 0.4–0.5 kg 20–30 t Aphid, diamondback moth
      Bok Choy Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 45–60 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 13–24 0.4–0.6 kg 20–30 t Flea beetle, downy mildew
      Swiss Chard Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 55–70 40 × 25 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 10–24 6–8 kg 25–35 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Endive Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 80–100 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 10–22 0.8–1 kg 18–25 t Aphid, tip burn
      Escarole Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 80–100 35 × 30 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 10–22 0.8–1 kg 18–25 t Aphid, downy mildew
      Arugula Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 30–45 20 × 8 cm 6.0–7.0 250–400 10–22 4–6 kg 8–12 t Flea beetle, downy mildew
      Purslane Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 30–45 20 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 250–400 20–32 3–4 kg 10–15 t Aphid, leaf miner
      Sorrel Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 60–80 30 × 20 cm 5.5–6.8 350–500 10–24 3–4 kg 12–18 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Basella (Malabar Spinach) Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 55–70 60 × 45 cm 5.5–7.0 600–900 22–32 5–7 kg 25–35 t Leaf spot, nematode
      Chinese Cabbage Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 60–80 45 × 35 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 13–22 0.4–0.5 kg 35–50 t Aphid, soft rot
      Tatsoi Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 40–50 25 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 300–450 10–22 0.4–0.6 kg 15–22 t Flea beetle, aphid
      Mizuna Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 35–50 25 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 300–450 10–22 0.4–0.6 kg 15–22 t Flea beetle, downy mildew
      Komatsuna Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 35–50 25 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 10–24 0.5–0.7 kg 18–25 t Flea beetle, aphid
      Radicchio Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 80–100 35 × 30 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 10–20 0.5–0.7 kg 15–22 t Tip burn, aphid
      Chicory Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 110–140 45 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 10–22 3–4 kg 25–35 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Bathua (Chenopodium) Vegetable Rabi Oct–Nov 45–60 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.8 250–400 10–25 3–4 kg 10–15 t Leaf miner, aphid
      Gai Lan Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 55–70 35 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 13–24 0.5–0.7 kg 15–22 t Flea beetle, aphid
      Broccoli Rabe Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 45–60 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 10–22 0.6–0.8 kg 12–18 t Aphid, downy mildew
      Asparagus Vegetable Perennial Feb–Mar 2–3 yr 150 × 40 cm 6.5–7.5 500–700 15–25 Crowns 4–6 t Rust, asparagus beetle
      Globe Artichoke Vegetable Rabi Aug–Sep 150–180 100 × 75 cm 6.5–7.5 600–800 12–24 Suckers 8–12 t Aphid, powdery mildew
      Sweet Corn Vegetable Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov 70–85 60 × 20 cm 5.8–7.0 500–700 21–30 8–9 kg 8–12 t Fall armyworm, corn earworm
      Baby Corn Vegetable Year-round Any 50–60 45 × 20 cm 5.8–7.0 450–600 21–30 20–25 kg 1.5–2 t Fall armyworm, stem borer
      Snake Gourd Vegetable Kharif · Zaid Jun–Jul, Feb 70–90 200 × 100 cm 6.0–7.0 600–900 22–32 4–5 kg 15–22 t Fruit fly, downy mildew
      Ivy Gourd Vegetable Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 mo 200 × 150 cm 5.5–7.0 700–1000 22–35 Cuttings 20–30 t Fruit fly, mosaic
      Pointed Gourd Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 4–5 mo 200 × 100 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 22–35 Vine cuttings 15–25 t Fruit fly, leaf spot
      Chayote Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 100–130 300 × 300 cm 5.5–6.8 900–1400 15–28 Whole fruit 30–50 t Fruit fly, powdery mildew
      Tinda Vegetable Zaid · Kharif Feb–Mar, Jun 60–75 150 × 60 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 22–35 5–6 kg 10–15 t Fruit fly, red pumpkin beetle
      Cassava (Tapioca) Vegetable Kharif May–Jun 9–11 mo 90 × 90 cm 5.5–7.0 1000–1500 25–35 Stem cuttings 25–40 t Mosaic virus, mealybug
      Yam (Dioscorea) Vegetable Kharif Apr–May 8–10 mo 90 × 60 cm 5.5–6.5 1200–1800 25–32 2000–2500 kg 20–30 t Anthracnose, nematode
      Taro Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 6–8 mo 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 1200–1800 21–32 1200–1500 kg 15–25 t Leaf blight, corm rot
      Jerusalem Artichoke Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 120–150 75 × 30 cm 5.8–7.5 400–600 10–26 1200–1500 kg 25–40 t Sclerotinia, aphid
      Kohlrabi Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 60–80 45 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 10–24 1–1.5 kg 20–30 t Aphid, club root
      Kale Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 70–95 60 × 40 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 7–24 0.4–0.5 kg 20–30 t Aphid, diamondback moth
      Mustard Greens Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 40–55 30 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 10–25 4–5 kg 15–22 t Aphid, white rust
      Bamboo Shoot Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–7.0 1200–2000 20–35 Rhizomes 8–15 t Shoot borer, mealybug
      Camelina Oilseed Rabi Oct–Nov 85–100 20 cm rows 6.0–7.5 250–400 10–22 5–7 kg 1–1.5 t Flea beetle, downy mildew
      Perilla Oilseed Kharif Jun–Jul 110–140 45 × 20 cm 5.5–7.0 500–700 18–28 4–6 kg 0.8–1.2 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Chia Oilseed Rabi Oct–Nov 110–140 45 × 20 cm 6.0–8.0 300–450 15–28 5–6 kg 0.6–1 t Aphid, root rot
      Hempseed Oilseed Kharif Jun–Jul 100–120 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 15–27 30–40 kg 1–1.5 t Grey mould, borer
      Taramira Oilseed Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 30 × 10 cm 6.0–8.0 200–350 10–25 5–6 kg 0.8–1.2 t Aphid, white rust
      Jojoba Oilseed Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–8.0 300–500 20–35 Nursery 1.5–3 t Root rot, scale
      Peanut Oilseed Kharif Jun–Jul 100–130 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 25–32 100–120 kg 2–3 t Leaf miner, tikka leaf spot
      Olive Oilseed Perennial Jul–Aug 4–6 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–8.0 400–700 15–35 Nursery 4–8 t Olive fly, peacock spot
      Jatropha Oilseed Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 2 × 2 m 6.0–8.5 400–800 20–38 Cuttings 2–4 t Scale, collar rot
      Karanj (Pongamia) Oilseed Perennial Jun–Jul 5–7 yr 5 × 5 m 6.5–8.5 500–1000 20–38 Nursery 3–6 t Leaf webber, gall
      Mahua Oilseed Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 10 × 10 m 6.0–7.5 600–1200 20–40 Nursery 2–4 t Leaf caterpillar, borer
      Tamarillo Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 3 × 2 m 5.8–7.0 800–1200 15–25 Nursery 15–20 t Powdery mildew, aphid
      Naranjilla Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 10–14 mo 2.5 × 2 m 5.5–6.5 1000–1500 17–24 Nursery 10–15 t Nematode, fusarium
      Pepino Fruit Perennial Sep–Oct 4–6 mo 1 × 0.8 m 6.0–7.0 500–750 15–25 Nursery 25–40 t Aphid, virus
      Ground Cherry Fruit Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 90 × 60 cm 5.5–7.0 400–600 18–30 0.4–0.6 kg 8–12 t Flea beetle, leaf spot
      Goji Berry Fruit Perennial Feb–Mar 2–3 yr 2 × 1.5 m 6.8–8.1 400–600 10–30 Nursery 6–10 t Gall mite, aphid
      Honeydew Fruit Zaid Feb–Mar 80–100 150 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 22–32 1–1.5 kg 18–25 t Fruit fly, powdery mildew
      Horned Melon Fruit Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 150 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 20–30 2–3 kg 10–15 t Fruit fly, aphid
      Longan Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 4–6 yr 8 × 8 m 5.5–6.5 1200–1600 20–33 Nursery 8–12 t Fruit borer, litchi mite
      Rambutan Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 5–6 yr 10 × 10 m 4.5–6.5 1500–2500 22–32 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit borer, mealybug
      Mangosteen Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 8–10 yr 8 × 8 m 5.0–6.5 1500–2500 25–35 Nursery 6–10 t Gamboge, thrips
      Durian Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 6–8 yr 10 × 10 m 5.5–6.5 1500–2500 24–32 Nursery 10–15 t Phytophthora, fruit borer
      Breadfruit Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 yr 10 × 10 m 6.0–7.0 1500–2500 21–32 Root cuttings 15–25 t Fruit fly, mealybug
      Soursop Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–6.5 1000–1500 22–32 Nursery 8–12 t Fruit borer, anthracnose
      Cherimoya Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–5 yr 6 × 6 m 6.5–7.6 800–1200 13–25 Nursery 8–12 t Fruit borer, mealybug
      Atemoya Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 6 × 5 m 6.0–7.5 900–1300 18–30 Nursery 8–14 t Fruit borer, anthracnose
      Bilimbi Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–7.0 1200–1800 22–32 Nursery 15–25 t Fruit fly, leaf spot
      Kokum Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 6–8 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–6.5 1500–2500 20–32 Nursery 4–8 t Leaf spot, mealybug
      Rose Apple Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 7 × 7 m 5.5–7.0 1000–1500 20–32 Nursery 10–18 t Fruit fly, leaf spot
      Feijoa Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 5 × 4 m 5.5–7.0 700–1000 10–25 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit fly, scale
      Plantain Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 12–14 mo 2 × 2 m 6.0–7.5 1500–2000 20–32 Suckers 30–45 t Sigatoka, weevil
      Salak Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 4–5 yr 3 × 3 m 5.5–7.0 1500–2500 22–32 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit rot, mealybug
      Langsat Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 8 × 8 m 5.5–6.5 1500–2500 22–32 Nursery 8–12 t Fruit borer, leaf spot
      Santol Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 5–7 yr 8 × 8 m 5.5–7.0 1200–2000 22–32 Nursery 15–25 t Fruit fly, scale
      Black Sapote Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–7.5 1000–1500 20–32 Nursery 10–18 t Fruit fly, scale
      White Sapote Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 yr 8 × 8 m 5.5–7.5 800–1200 15–28 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit fly, scale
      Mamey Sapote Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 6–8 yr 10 × 10 m 6.0–7.5 1200–1800 22–32 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit fly, anthracnose
      Canistel Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–5 yr 7 × 7 m 5.5–7.5 1000–1500 20–32 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit fly, scale
      Lucuma Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 yr 7 × 7 m 6.0–7.5 800–1200 15–26 Nursery 8–14 t Fruit fly, scale
      Star Apple Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 5–7 yr 9 × 9 m 5.5–7.5 1200–1800 22–32 Nursery 10–18 t Fruit fly, mealybug
      Sugar Apple Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.5 700–1000 20–32 Nursery 6–10 t Mealybug, fruit borer
      Quince Fruit Perennial Jan–Feb 3–4 yr 5 × 4 m 6.0–7.5 600–900 10–24 Nursery 12–18 t Fire blight, codling moth
      Medlar Fruit Perennial Jan–Feb 4–5 yr 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.5 600–900 8–24 Nursery 8–12 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Loquat Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 700–1000 15–30 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit fly, pear blight
      Nectarine Fruit Perennial Jan–Feb 3–4 yr 5 × 4 m 6.0–7.0 600–900 10–28 Nursery 10–15 t Leaf curl, fruit fly
      Sea Buckthorn Fruit Perennial Feb–Mar 3–4 yr 3 × 2 m 6.0–7.5 400–600 5–25 Nursery 4–8 t Fusarium, moth
      Jujube Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–8.0 400–600 15–35 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit fly, powdery mildew
      Passion Fruit Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 10–14 mo 300 × 300 cm 6.0–7.0 900–1400 20–30 Nursery 12–20 t Fruit fly, woodiness virus
      Star Fruit (Carambola) Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–6.5 1200–1800 22–32 Nursery 15–25 t Fruit fly, anthracnose
      Lychee Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 5–7 yr 8 × 8 m 5.0–7.0 1200–1800 20–35 Air layers 8–12 t Litchi mite, fruit borer
      Jamun Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 6–8 yr 10 × 10 m 6.0–8.0 900–1500 20–38 Nursery 10–18 t Fruit fly, leaf spot
      Bael Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 5–7 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–8.0 600–1000 20–38 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit canker, borer
      Wood Apple Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 7–10 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–8.0 500–1000 20–40 Nursery 8–12 t Fruit borer, leaf spot
      Apricot Fruit Perennial Jan–Feb 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 500–800 5–28 Nursery 8–14 t Shot hole, aphid
      Cherry Fruit Perennial Jan–Feb 4–5 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 600–900 5–25 Nursery 6–10 t Fruit fly, brown rot
      Persimmon Fruit Perennial Jan–Feb 4–6 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 700–1000 10–30 Nursery 10–18 t Fruit fly, leaf spot
      Mulberry Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 1–2 yr 2 × 2 m 6.0–7.5 700–1200 18–35 Cuttings 20–30 t leaf Leaf spot, root knot
      Chives Herb Perennial Sep–Oct 70–90 25 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 12–24 4–6 kg 8–12 t Thrips, rust
      Basil Herb Kharif · Zaid Feb–Mar, Jun 60–80 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 400–600 18–30 2–3 kg 15–25 t Downy mildew, aphid
      Thai Basil Herb Kharif Jun–Jul 60–80 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 450–650 20–32 2–3 kg 15–22 t Downy mildew, whitefly
      Oregano Herb Perennial Feb–Mar 90–120 45 × 30 cm 6.0–8.0 350–500 15–28 1–2 kg 6–10 t Root rot, spider mite
      Thyme Herb Perennial Feb–Mar 90–120 40 × 25 cm 6.0–8.0 300–450 15–28 1–2 kg 5–8 t Root rot, spider mite
      Rosemary Herb Perennial Feb–Mar 2–3 yr 90 × 60 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 15–28 Cuttings 6–10 t Root rot, scale
      Sage Herb Perennial Feb–Mar 90–150 60 × 40 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 15–28 2–3 kg 6–9 t Powdery mildew, root rot
      Marjoram Herb Perennial Feb–Mar 90–120 40 × 25 cm 6.5–8.0 350–500 15–28 1–2 kg 5–8 t Root rot, aphid
      Savory Herb Rabi Sep–Oct 80–100 35 × 20 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 15–26 2–3 kg 5–8 t Root rot, aphid
      Pandan Herb Perennial Jun–Jul 12–18 mo 150 × 100 cm 5.5–6.5 1200–1800 22–32 Suckers 10–15 t Leaf spot, mealybug
      Kaffir Lime Leaf Herb Perennial Jun–Jul 2–3 yr 4 × 4 m 5.5–7.0 900–1200 20–32 Nursery 6–10 t Leaf miner, canker
      Tarragon Herb Perennial Feb–Mar 90–120 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 13–24 Cuttings 5–8 t Root rot, rust
      Lovage Herb Perennial Sep–Oct 120–150 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 450–650 10–24 2–3 kg 10–15 t Leaf miner, aphid
      Angelica Herb Perennial Sep–Oct 2 yr 90 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 10–22 3–4 kg 8–12 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Chervil Herb Rabi Sep–Nov 40–60 25 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 300–450 10–20 3–4 kg 8–12 t Aphid, downy mildew
      Parsley Herb Rabi Sep–Oct 70–90 30 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 10–24 3–4 kg 12–18 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Mint Leaf Herb Perennial Feb–Mar 90–120 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 20–30 Suckers 20–30 t Rust, leaf spot
      Curry Leaf Herb Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 150 × 150 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1100 20–35 Nursery 10–15 t Psyllid, leaf spot
      Watercress Aquatic Perennial Sep–Oct 50–70 20 × 15 cm 6.5–7.5 Flowing water 10–20 Cuttings 20–30 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Water Spinach Aquatic Kharif Jun–Jul 40–60 30 × 20 cm 5.5–7.0 Flooded 22–32 Cuttings 25–40 t Leaf beetle, white rust
      Water Lily Aquatic Perennial Mar–Apr 3–4 mo 150 × 150 cm 6.0–7.5 Ponded 18–32 Rhizomes Ornamental Aphid, leaf spot
      Makhana (Foxnut) Aquatic Kharif Dec–Feb 150–180 125 × 125 cm 6.0–7.5 Ponded 60–90 cm 20–35 80–100 kg 1.5–2.5 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Water Chestnut Aquatic Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 150 × 150 cm 6.5–7.5 Ponded 50–100 cm 20–32 150–200 kg 6–10 t Leaf beetle, aphid
      Lotus Root Aquatic Kharif Mar–Apr 150–210 200 × 150 cm 6.0–7.5 Ponded 40–80 cm 20–32 Rhizomes 15–25 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Arrowhead Aquatic Kharif Apr–May 120–150 45 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 Ponded 15–30 cm 18–30 Corms 8–12 t Leaf beetle, rot
      Cattail Aquatic Perennial Mar–Apr 12–18 mo 60 × 60 cm 5.5–7.5 Marshy 15–32 Rhizomes 20–30 t Borer, leaf spot
      Giant Swamp Taro Aquatic Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 150 × 150 cm 5.5–7.0 Marshy 22–32 Suckers 20–35 t Leaf blight, corm rot
      Lotus Aquatic Kharif Mar–Apr 5–7 mo 200 × 150 cm 6.0–7.5 Ponded 40–80 cm 20–32 Rhizomes 2–3 lakh blooms Leaf spot, aphid
      Chestnut Nut Perennial Jan–Feb 5–7 yr 10 × 10 m 5.0–6.5 800–1200 10–24 Nursery 2–3 t Blight, weevil
      Macadamia Nut Perennial Jun–Jul 5–7 yr 8 × 6 m 5.0–6.5 1000–1500 16–30 Nursery 2.5–4 t Nut borer, husk spot
      Grapefruit Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–7.5 900–1200 15–35 Nursery 20–30 t Citrus canker, leaf miner
      Pomelo Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 4–5 yr 8 × 8 m 5.5–7.0 1000–1400 18–35 Nursery 20–30 t Citrus canker, fruit fly
      Citron Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–7.5 800–1100 18–32 Nursery 15–25 t Canker, leaf miner
      Kumquat Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 3 × 3 m 5.5–6.5 700–1000 12–30 Nursery 8–14 t Leaf miner, scale
      Rangpur Lime Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–7.5 800–1100 18–35 Nursery 20–28 t Canker, tristeza
      Sweet Lime (Mosambi) Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–7.5 900–1200 18–35 Nursery 20–30 t Canker, leaf miner
      Bergamot Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–7.0 800–1100 15–30 Nursery 12–20 t Canker, scale
      Yuzu Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 4–6 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–6.5 900–1300 5–28 Nursery 10–18 t Canker, scab
      Calamondin Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 2–3 yr 4 × 4 m 5.5–6.5 800–1100 18–32 Nursery 12–20 t Leaf miner, scale
      Finger Lime Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 4–5 yr 4 × 3 m 5.5–6.5 700–1000 12–32 Nursery 5–10 t Scale, canker
      Acid Lime Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–7.5 800–1200 20–38 Nursery 15–25 t Canker, leaf miner
      Kaffir Lime Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 4 × 4 m 5.5–7.0 900–1300 20–32 Nursery 10–15 t Leaf miner, canker
      Raspberry Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2 yr 250 × 50 cm 5.5–6.5 700–1000 10–24 Canes 6–10 t Cane blight, spider mite
      Blackberry Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2 yr 250 × 100 cm 5.5–7.0 700–1000 10–26 Canes 8–14 t Cane blight, fruit fly
      Blueberry Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 3–4 yr 300 × 120 cm 4.0–5.5 800–1100 5–25 Nursery 6–10 t Mummy berry, fruit fly
      Cranberry Berry Perennial Apr–May 3–4 yr 30 × 30 cm 4.0–5.5 Flooded beds 5–22 Cuttings 15–25 t Fruit rot, fireworm
      Gooseberry Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2–3 yr 180 × 150 cm 5.5–7.0 600–900 5–24 Nursery 6–10 t Powdery mildew, sawfly
      Blackcurrant Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2–3 yr 180 × 120 cm 6.0–6.8 600–900 5–24 Nursery 5–9 t Gall mite, leaf spot
      Redcurrant Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2–3 yr 180 × 120 cm 6.0–7.0 600–900 5–24 Nursery 5–8 t Aphid, leaf spot
      Elderberry Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2–3 yr 300 × 180 cm 5.5–7.5 700–1000 5–26 Cuttings 8–14 t Aphid, borer
      Boysenberry Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2 yr 250 × 150 cm 5.5–7.0 700–1000 10–26 Canes 8–12 t Cane blight, fruit fly
      Loganberry Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2 yr 250 × 150 cm 5.5–7.0 700–1000 10–26 Canes 7–11 t Cane blight, aphid
      Cape Gooseberry Berry Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 90 × 60 cm 5.5–7.5 500–750 13–28 0.3–0.5 kg 12–20 t Fruit borer, leaf spot
      Anise Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 30 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 12–25 8–10 kg 0.7–1 t Aphid, blight
      Star Anise Spice Perennial Jun–Jul 6–8 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–6.5 1500–2500 15–28 Nursery 1.5–3 t Leaf spot, borer
      Celery Seed Spice Rabi Sep–Oct 140–170 45 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 12–22 1–2 kg 0.8–1.2 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Nigella (Kalonji) Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 130–150 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 10–25 8–10 kg 0.6–1 t Aphid, root rot
      Caraway Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 150–180 30 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 8–22 8–10 kg 0.6–1 t Aphid, blight
      Long Pepper (Pippali) Spice Perennial Jun–Jul 2–3 yr 150 × 60 cm 5.5–7.0 1500–2500 20–32 Cuttings 0.8–1.5 t Leaf spot, mealybug
      Cubeb Spice Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 250 × 250 cm 5.5–6.5 1800–2500 20–30 Cuttings 0.6–1 t Leaf spot, borer
      Galangal Spice Kharif May–Jun 9–10 mo 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 1500–2000 20–32 1500–2000 kg 12–18 t Rhizome rot, shoot borer
      Zedoary Spice Kharif May–Jun 8–9 mo 30 × 25 cm 5.5–7.0 1200–1800 20–32 1500–2000 kg 10–15 t Rhizome rot, leaf spot
      Mango Ginger Spice Kharif May–Jun 8–9 mo 30 × 25 cm 5.5–7.0 1200–1800 20–32 1500–2000 kg 12–18 t Rhizome rot, shoot borer
      Asafoetida (Hing) Spice Perennial Sep–Oct 4–5 yr 90 × 60 cm 6.5–7.5 250–400 10–25 4–6 kg 0.05–0.1 t Root rot, aphid
      Allspice Spice Perennial Jun–Jul 5–7 yr 7 × 7 m 5.5–7.0 1200–2000 20–32 Nursery 1–2 t Leaf rust, scale
      Poppy Seed Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 120–150 30 × 20 cm 6.5–7.5 350–500 10–25 6–8 kg 0.6–1 t Downy mildew, aphid
      Bay Leaf (Tejpat) Spice Perennial Jun–Jul 5–7 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–7.0 1200–2000 15–30 Nursery 2–4 t Leaf spot, scale
      Saffron Spice Rabi Aug–Sep 90–110 20 × 10 cm 6.0–8.0 300–450 10–22 6–8 t corms 3–5 kg Corm rot, mite
      Cinchona Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 2 × 2 m 4.5–6.0 1800–3000 15–25 Nursery 2–4 t Root rot, leaf spot
      Pyrethrum Plantation Perennial Sep–Oct 2–3 yr 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 800–1200 10–22 Splits 0.8–1.5 t Aphid, root rot
      Citronella Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 6–8 mo 60 × 45 cm 5.5–7.5 1000–1500 20–32 Slips 20–30 t Leaf blight, mite
      Palmarosa Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 5–6 mo 60 × 45 cm 6.0–8.0 700–1000 20–35 4–5 kg 15–25 t Leaf blight, mite
      Sago Palm Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 8 × 8 m 4.5–6.5 2000–3000 22–32 Suckers 15–25 t Weevil, leaf spot
      Rattan Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 7–10 yr 4 × 4 m 4.5–6.5 2000–3000 22–32 Nursery 2–4 t Borer, leaf spot
      Betel Vine Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 6–8 mo 60 × 30 cm 6.5–7.5 1500–2000 20–32 Cuttings 50–60 lakh leaves Foot rot, leaf spot
      Palmyra Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 12–15 yr 10 × 10 m 6.0–8.0 500–1200 20–40 Seed nuts Neera + fibre Rhinoceros beetle, leaf rot
      Bamboo Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 yr 5 × 5 m 5.0–7.0 1000–2000 18–35 Rhizomes 8–15 t Shoot borer, witches broom
      Kapok Fibre Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 yr 8 × 8 m 5.5–7.5 1000–1500 20–35 Nursery 0.4–0.8 t Stainer bug, leaf spot
      Abaca Fibre Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 3 × 2 m 5.0–6.5 1800–2500 22–32 Suckers 2–3 t Bunchy top, weevil
      Roselle Fibre Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 500–800 20–32 20–25 kg 2–3 t Stem rot, mealybug
      Sansevieria Fibre Perennial Jun–Jul 2–3 yr 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 500–800 18–35 Suckers 2–4 t Leaf spot, mealybug
      Agave Fibre Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 yr 2 × 1 m 6.0–8.0 400–800 18–38 Suckers 2–4 t fibre Weevil, leaf spot
      Sisal Fibre Perennial Jun–Jul 3–5 yr 2 × 1 m 6.0–8.0 500–900 20–38 Bulbils 2–3 t fibre Weevil, zebra disease
      Flax Fibre Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 20 cm rows 5.5–7.0 350–500 10–25 80–100 kg 1.5–2.5 t fibre Rust, wilt
      Ramie Fibre Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 mo 60 × 30 cm 5.5–6.5 1200–1800 20–32 Rhizomes 2.5–4 t fibre Leaf spot, root rot
      Coir Fibre Perennial Jun–Jul 6–8 yr 7.5 × 7.5 m 5.5–7.5 1200–2000 22–35 Seed nuts 0.8–1.2 t fibre Rhinoceros beetle, wilt
      Hemp (Fibre) Fibre Kharif Jun–Jul 100–120 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 15–27 40–50 kg 6–9 t stalk Grey mould, borer
      Lily Flower Rabi Oct–Nov 90–120 20 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 12–24 Bulbs 1–2 lakh stems Botrytis, aphid
      Bougainvillea Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 12–18 mo 200 × 200 cm 5.5–7.5 500–800 15–35 Cuttings Ornamental Mealybug, leaf spot
      Canna Flower Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 18–32 Rhizomes Ornamental Leaf roller, rust
      Dahlia Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 100–130 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 12–24 Tubers 1.5–2 lakh blooms Thrips, virus
      Zinnia Flower Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct 60–75 30 × 30 cm 5.5–7.5 400–600 18–30 2–3 kg 4–6 lakh blooms Powdery mildew, leaf spot
      Cosmos Flower Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 18–30 2–3 kg Ornamental Aphid, powdery mildew
      Petunia Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 70–90 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 13–25 0.2–0.3 kg Ornamental Aphid, botrytis
      Impatiens Flower Kharif Jun–Jul 60–80 30 × 25 cm 5.5–6.5 600–900 18–28 0.2–0.3 kg Ornamental Downy mildew, mite
      Begonia Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 90–120 25 × 25 cm 5.5–6.5 Misted 16–26 Tissue plants Ornamental Powdery mildew, thrips
      Pansy Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 70–90 25 × 20 cm 5.5–6.5 400–550 10–20 0.3–0.5 kg Ornamental Aphid, leaf spot
      Nasturtium Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 55–70 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 13–24 8–10 kg Ornamental Aphid, leaf miner
      Sweet Pea Flower Rabi Oct–Nov 90–120 45 × 20 cm 6.5–7.5 400–600 10–20 40–50 kg Ornamental Powdery mildew, aphid
      Snapdragon Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 90–120 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 450–650 10–22 0.2–0.3 kg 2–3 lakh spikes Rust, aphid
      Stock Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 90–110 30 × 25 cm 6.5–7.5 400–600 10–20 0.3–0.4 kg Ornamental Downy mildew, aphid
      Alyssum Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 60–75 20 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 10–24 0.2–0.3 kg Ornamental Aphid, downy mildew
      Verbena Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 70–90 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 15–28 0.2–0.3 kg Ornamental Powdery mildew, thrips
      Salvia Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 80–100 30 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 15–28 0.2–0.3 kg Ornamental Whitefly, root rot
      Celosia Flower Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 18–30 0.3–0.5 kg 3–5 lakh spikes Leaf spot, aphid
      Gomphrena Flower Kharif Jun–Jul 75–95 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 18–32 0.3–0.5 kg Ornamental Leaf spot, aphid
      Helichrysum Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 90–110 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 13–26 0.2–0.3 kg Ornamental Aphid, downy mildew
      Statice Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 110–130 30 × 25 cm 6.5–7.5 350–500 13–26 0.3–0.4 kg 2–3 lakh stems Botrytis, aphid
      China Aster Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 90–120 30 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 15–25 0.4–0.5 kg 3–4 lakh blooms Wilt, aphid
      Gypsophila Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 100–120 40 × 30 cm 6.5–7.5 400–550 10–24 Cuttings 1.5–2 lakh stems Botrytis, root rot
      Alstroemeria Flower Perennial Sep–Oct 10–12 mo 40 × 30 cm 6.0–6.8 500–700 13–22 Rhizomes 100–150 stems/m² Botrytis, thrips
      Iris Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 90–120 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.5 450–650 10–24 Rhizomes Ornamental Rhizome rot, thrips
      Heliconia Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 12–18 mo 200 × 150 cm 5.5–6.5 1500–2500 20–32 Rhizomes 15–25 stems/clump Root rot, mealybug
      Bird of Paradise Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 200 × 150 cm 6.0–7.5 800–1200 18–30 Suckers 8–12 stems/plant Scale, root rot
      Plumeria Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 2–3 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–7.5 600–900 18–35 Cuttings Ornamental Rust, stem rot
      Ixora Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 120 × 90 cm 5.5–6.5 800–1200 20–32 Cuttings Ornamental Scale, leaf spot
      Vinca (Periwinkle) Flower Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 30 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 400–600 20–32 0.3–0.5 kg Ornamental Dieback, aphid
      Coleus Flower Kharif Jun–Jul 60–90 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 500–750 18–30 Cuttings Ornamental Downy mildew, mealybug
      Tulip Flower Rabi Oct–Nov 70–90 20 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 5–18 Bulbs 1–1.5 lakh stems Botrytis, bulb rot
      Hyacinth Flower Rabi Oct–Nov 80–100 20 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 5–18 Bulbs 1–1.5 lakh stems Bulb rot, aphid
      Torch Ginger Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 200 × 150 cm 5.5–6.5 1800–2500 22–32 Rhizomes 10–20 stems/clump Root rot, mealybug
      Crossandra Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 4–5 mo 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 20–32 Cuttings 8–12 t blooms Nematode, wilt
      Hibiscus Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 12–18 mo 150 × 100 cm 6.0–7.0 800–1200 20–35 Cuttings Ornamental Mealybug, leaf spot
      Sarpagandha Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 18–30 mo 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 1000–1500 20–32 5–6 kg 1.5–2.5 t Root rot, leaf spot
      Haritaki Medicinal Perennial Jul–Aug 8–10 yr 8 × 8 m 5.5–7.5 1000–1500 20–35 Nursery 1.5–3 t Leaf spot, borer
      Bibhitaki Medicinal Perennial Jul–Aug 8–10 yr 10 × 10 m 5.5–7.5 900–1400 20–35 Nursery 2–4 t Leaf spot, borer
      Guduchi (Giloy) Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 12–18 mo 200 × 200 cm 6.0–7.5 800–1200 20–35 Cuttings 3–5 t Leaf spot, mealybug
      Shankhapushpi Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 120–150 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.5 500–700 18–32 3–4 kg 1.5–2.5 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Jatamansi Medicinal Perennial Apr–May 2–3 yr 30 × 20 cm 5.5–6.5 800–1200 5–20 Rhizomes 1–1.5 t Root rot, aphid
      Vacha Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 10–12 mo 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 Marshy 18–30 Rhizomes 3–5 t Rhizome rot, leaf spot
      Chitrak Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 20–32 Cuttings 2–3 t Root rot, mealybug
      Manjishtha Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 2–3 yr 100 × 60 cm 6.0–7.5 900–1400 15–28 Cuttings 2–3 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Vidanga Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 300 × 300 cm 5.5–7.0 1200–2000 20–32 Nursery 0.8–1.5 t Leaf spot, borer
      Bilva (Bael) Medicinal Perennial Jul–Aug 5–7 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–8.0 600–1000 20–38 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit canker, borer
      Shatavari Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 20–32 Crowns 8–12 t Root rot, aphid
      Gokshura Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 30 × 20 cm 6.5–8.0 300–500 22–35 5–6 kg 1–1.5 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Guggul Medicinal Perennial Jul–Aug 8–10 yr 3 × 3 m 6.5–8.5 250–450 20–40 Cuttings 0.3–0.6 t Stem borer, scale
      Mulethi (Liquorice) Medicinal Perennial Feb–Mar 3–4 yr 60 × 45 cm 6.0–8.2 400–600 15–30 Rhizomes 4–6 t Root rot, aphid
      Bhringraj Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 20–32 2–3 kg 8–12 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Gudmar Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 2–3 yr 200 × 150 cm 6.0–7.5 800–1200 20–32 Cuttings 1.5–2.5 t Leaf spot, mealybug
      Kutki Medicinal Perennial Apr–May 2–3 yr 30 × 20 cm 5.5–6.5 1000–1500 5–18 Rhizomes 0.8–1.2 t Root rot, leaf spot
      Nirgundi Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 12–18 mo 150 × 100 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 20–35 Cuttings 6–10 t Leaf spot, mealybug
      Bakuchi Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 45 × 30 cm 6.5–8.0 400–600 20–35 5–6 kg 1–1.5 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Vasaka Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 12–18 mo 90 × 60 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1100 20–32 Cuttings 8–12 t Leaf spot, mealybug
      Arjuna Medicinal Perennial Jul–Aug 8–10 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–8.0 900–1500 20–38 Nursery 2–4 t Leaf spot, borer
      Ashoka Medicinal Perennial Jul–Aug 6–8 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–7.0 1200–2000 20–35 Nursery 1.5–3 t Leaf spot, scale
      Lodhra Medicinal Perennial Jul–Aug 6–8 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–7.0 1200–2000 18–32 Nursery 1.5–2.5 t Leaf spot, borer
      Kaunch Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 75 × 30 cm 5.0–6.5 600–900 20–30 20–25 kg 1–1.5 t Pod borer, leaf spot
      Pushkarmool Medicinal Perennial Apr–May 2 yr 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 10–24 Rhizomes 1.5–2.5 t Root rot, aphid
      Daruharidra Medicinal Perennial Feb–Mar 4–5 yr 150 × 100 cm 5.5–7.0 800–1200 10–25 Nursery 2–3 t Leaf spot, rust
      Neem Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 5–8 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–8.5 400–1000 20–40 Nursery 2–4 t Scale, dieback
      Brahmi Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 mo 30 × 20 cm 5.5–7.0 Marshy 20–32 Cuttings 10–15 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Kalmegh Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 120–150 30 × 20 cm 5.5–7.5 600–900 20–32 2–3 kg 2–3 t Leaf spot, wilt
      Periwinkle Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.5 500–800 20–32 2–3 kg 3–4 t Dieback, aphid
      Stylo Fodder Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 45 × 30 cm 5.0–7.0 600–900 20–32 5–6 kg 25–35 t Anthracnose, stem borer
      Hedge Lucerne Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 75–90 50 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 600–900 20–35 10–12 kg 80–100 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Dhaincha Fodder Kharif Jun–Jul 45–60 30 × 15 cm 6.0–8.5 500–800 20–35 25–30 kg 20–25 t Stem borer, leaf spot
      Para Grass Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60–75 50 × 50 cm 5.5–7.5 Waterlogged 20–35 Slips 80–120 t Leaf blight, armyworm
      Rhodes Grass Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60–75 50 × 30 cm 5.5–8.0 600–900 20–32 3–4 kg 40–60 t Leaf blight, armyworm
      Buffel Grass Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60–80 50 × 50 cm 6.0–8.5 300–500 20–38 4–5 kg 30–45 t Leaf blight, smut
      Sudan Grass Fodder Kharif Jun–Jul 55–70 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 20–35 25–30 kg 45–60 t Shoot fly, leaf spot
      Fodder Beet Fodder Rabi Oct–Nov 150–180 50 × 25 cm 6.0–7.5 500–700 10–24 6–8 kg 80–120 t Leaf spot, aphid
      Teosinte Fodder Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 45 × 20 cm 5.5–7.5 500–750 20–35 30–40 kg 40–60 t Stem borer, leaf blight
      Bermuda Grass Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60–75 30 × 30 cm 5.5–8.0 500–800 20–35 Slips 25–40 t Leaf spot, armyworm
      Setaria Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60–75 50 × 30 cm 5.5–7.5 700–1000 18–32 3–4 kg 50–70 t Leaf blight, rust
      Signal Grass Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60–80 50 × 40 cm 4.5–7.0 800–1200 20–35 4–6 kg 40–60 t Spittlebug, leaf blight
      Guinea Grass Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60–75 60 × 40 cm 5.5–7.5 800–1200 20–35 2.5–3 kg 80–120 t Leaf blight, armyworm
      Dinanath Grass Fodder Kharif Jun–Jul 55–70 40 × 25 cm 6.0–7.5 500–800 20–35 4–5 kg 35–50 t Leaf blight, shoot fly
      Fodder Oats Fodder Rabi Oct–Nov 55–70 25 cm rows 5.5–7.0 350–500 10–25 80–100 kg 35–50 t green Rust, aphid
      Teak Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 20–60 yr 3 × 3 m 6.5–7.5 1200–2500 22–38 Stumps 5–8 m³/yr Teak defoliator, skeletoniser
      Sal Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 60–120 yr 3 × 3 m 5.5–7.0 1000–2000 20–38 Nursery 3–5 m³/yr Sal borer, heart rot
      Eucalyptus Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 6–10 yr 2 × 2 m 5.5–7.5 800–1500 18–35 Clones 15–25 m³/yr Gall wasp, termite
      Poplar Tree Perennial Jan–Feb 5–8 yr 5 × 4 m 6.0–8.0 900–1500 10–35 Entire plants 20–30 m³/yr Defoliator, stem borer
      Casuarina Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 4–7 yr 2 × 2 m 6.0–8.5 700–1200 20–38 Seedlings 20–30 m³/yr Blister bark, termite
      Mahogany Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 25–40 yr 4 × 4 m 5.5–7.5 1200–2500 20–35 Nursery 4–7 m³/yr Shoot borer, leaf spot
      Rosewood Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 40–60 yr 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.5 1000–2000 20–35 Nursery 3–5 m³/yr Stem borer, heart rot
      Sandalwood Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 15–30 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–7.5 600–1200 12–35 Nursery 0.5–1 t heartwood Spike disease, borer
      Red Sanders Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 25–40 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–7.5 500–900 20–38 Nursery 0.4–0.8 t heartwood Stem borer, root rot
      Deodar Tree Perennial Mar–Apr 60–100 yr 3 × 3 m 5.5–7.0 1000–1800 5–25 Nursery 3–5 m³/yr Bark beetle, root rot
      Chir Pine Tree Perennial Mar–Apr 40–60 yr 3 × 3 m 5.0–6.5 900–1600 10–30 Nursery 4–6 m³/yr Bark beetle, needle blight
      Oak Tree Perennial Mar–Apr 60–120 yr 4 × 4 m 5.5–7.0 1000–2000 5–28 Nursery 2–4 m³/yr Defoliator, powdery mildew
      Shisham Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 20–30 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–8.0 700–1300 15–38 Nursery 5–8 m³/yr Dieback, stem borer
      Gamhar Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 8–15 yr 3 × 3 m 5.5–7.5 900–1800 20–35 Nursery 10–15 m³/yr Defoliator, stem borer
      Kadam Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 10–15 yr 4 × 4 m 5.5–7.5 1000–2000 20–35 Nursery 10–14 m³/yr Stem borer, leaf spot
      Subabul Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 4–8 yr 2 × 2 m 6.0–8.0 700–1500 20–35 6–8 kg 12–20 m³/yr Psyllid, root rot
      Gliricidia Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 2–4 yr 2 × 1 m 5.5–7.5 800–1500 20–35 Cuttings 20–30 t green Leaf spot, stem borer
      Sesbania Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 1–3 yr 2 × 1 m 6.0–8.5 600–1200 20–38 10–12 kg 20–30 t green Stem borer, leaf spot
      Melia (Malabar Neem) Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 6–10 yr 3 × 3 m 6.0–7.5 800–1500 18–35 Nursery 12–18 m³/yr Shoot borer, leaf spot
      Ailanthus Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–8.0 500–1000 18–38 Nursery 10–15 m³/yr Defoliator, stem borer
      Albizia Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 12–20 yr 5 × 5 m 6.0–8.0 800–1500 18–35 Nursery 8–12 m³/yr Defoliator, heart rot
      Willow Tree Perennial Jan–Feb 5–8 yr 3 × 2 m 6.0–7.5 900–1600 5–30 Cuttings 12–18 m³/yr Rust, stem borer
      Alder Tree Perennial Mar–Apr 15–25 yr 3 × 3 m 5.0–7.0 1200–2500 10–28 Nursery 8–12 m³/yr Leaf beetle, canker
      Prosopis Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 10–20 yr 5 × 5 m 6.5–8.5 200–600 20–45 Nursery 4–8 m³/yr Stem borer, mistletoe
      Khair Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 15–25 yr 3 × 3 m 6.0–8.0 500–1200 20–40 Nursery 3–6 m³/yr Heart rot, borer
      Palash Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 10–15 yr 5 × 5 m 6.0–8.0 600–1200 20–38 Nursery Lac + gum Stem borer, leaf spot
      Semal Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 20–30 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 900–1800 20–38 Nursery 6–10 m³/yr Stainer bug, heart rot
      Gulmohar Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 6–10 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–7.5 700–1500 20–38 Nursery Ornamental Stem borer, leaf spot
      Jacaranda Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 6–10 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–7.5 700–1400 12–32 Nursery Ornamental Scale, leaf spot
      Amaltas Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 7 × 7 m 6.0–8.0 500–1200 20–38 Nursery Ornamental Defoliator, borer
      Peepal Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 20–40 yr 10 × 10 m 6.0–8.0 800–1800 15–40 Cuttings Fodder + shade Leaf spot, scale
      Banyan Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 25–50 yr 12 × 12 m 6.0–8.0 800–1800 18–40 Cuttings Fodder + shade Leaf spot, scale
      Gular Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–7.5 900–1800 18–38 Cuttings 20–30 t fodder Fig fly, leaf spot
      Kachnar Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 6–10 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 700–1400 15–35 Nursery 6–10 t Leaf spot, borer
      Tun Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 15–25 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–7.5 1000–2000 15–32 Nursery 8–12 m³/yr Shoot borer, leaf spot
      Anjan Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 30–50 yr 5 × 5 m 6.5–8.0 500–1000 20–40 Nursery 2–4 m³/yr Heart rot, borer
      Hardwickia Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 30–50 yr 5 × 5 m 6.5–8.0 500–1000 20–42 Nursery 2–4 m³/yr Heart rot, borer
      Bakain Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–8.0 600–1200 15–38 Nursery 10–15 m³/yr Shoot borer, leaf spot
      Erythrina Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 3–6 yr 3 × 3 m 5.5–7.5 900–1800 20–35 Cuttings 15–25 t green Stem borer, gall wasp
      Calliandra Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 2–4 yr 1 × 1 m 5.0–7.0 800–1500 20–32 3–4 kg 15–25 t green Leaf spot, aphid
      Tagasaste Tree Perennial Sep–Oct 2–4 yr 2 × 1 m 5.5–7.5 400–800 5–28 4–5 kg 10–18 t green Root rot, aphid
      Portobello Mushroom Year-round Any 35–45 Trays 30 cm 6.5–7.5 Composted 16–20 6–8 kg spawn/t 180–250 kg/t Green mould, mites
      Enoki Mushroom Year-round Any 55–70 Bottles 5.5–6.5 Sawdust 10–15 5–6 kg spawn/t 250–350 kg/t Bacterial blotch, mites
      Morel Mushroom Rabi Nov–Dec 90–150 Beds 30 cm 6.5–8.0 Moist beds 10–22 8–10 kg spawn/t 80–150 kg/t Cobweb mould, mites
      Milky Mushroom Mushroom Year-round Any 30–40 Bags 30 cm 6.5–7.5 Pasteurised straw 25–35 5–6 kg spawn/t 250–350 kg/t Green mould, fly
      Paddy Straw Mushroom Mushroom Kharif Jun–Sep 12–18 Beds 30 cm 6.5–7.5 Wet straw 28–35 5–7 kg spawn/t 100–150 kg/t Coprinus, mites
      King Oyster Mushroom Year-round Any 40–55 Bottles 5.5–6.5 Sawdust 14–18 5–6 kg spawn/t 300–400 kg/t Green mould, bacteria
      Shimeji Mushroom Year-round Any 50–65 Bottles 5.5–6.5 Sawdust 12–18 5–6 kg spawn/t 250–350 kg/t Green mould, mites
      Wood Ear Mushroom Year-round Any 45–60 Bags 30 cm 5.5–7.0 Sawdust 20–30 5–6 kg spawn/t 200–300 kg/t Green mould, mites
      Reishi Mushroom Year-round Any 90–120 Bags 30 cm 5.0–6.5 Hardwood 24–30 6–8 kg spawn/t 80–120 kg/t Trichoderma, mites
      Maitake Mushroom Year-round Any 70–100 Bags 30 cm 5.5–6.5 Hardwood 16–22 6–8 kg spawn/t 150–250 kg/t Green mould, bacteria
      Lion's Mane Mushroom Year-round Any 45–65 Bags 30 cm 5.0–6.5 Hardwood 18–24 5–6 kg spawn/t 200–300 kg/t Trichoderma, mites
      Cordyceps Mushroom Year-round Any 60–90 Jars 5.5–6.5 Grain media 18–22 Liquid culture 40–80 kg/t Bacteria, mould
      Turkey Tail Mushroom Year-round Any 60–90 Bags 30 cm 5.0–6.5 Hardwood 18–26 6–8 kg spawn/t 100–180 kg/t Trichoderma, mites
      Black Truffle Mushroom Perennial Feb–Mar 6–10 yr 5 × 4 m 7.5–8.3 600–900 5–30 Inoculated saplings 20–60 kg/ha Brûlé failure, rodents
      Button Mushroom Mushroom Rabi Oct–Feb 35–45 Trays 30 cm 6.5–7.5 Composted 16–20 6–8 kg spawn/t 180–250 kg/t Green mould, mites
      Oyster Mushroom Mushroom Year-round Any 25–35 Bags 30 cm 5.5–6.5 Pasteurised straw 20–30 5–6 kg spawn/t 500–700 kg/t Green mould, fly
      Shiitake Mushroom Year-round Any 70–120 Logs / bags 5.0–6.5 Hardwood 12–20 6–8 kg spawn/t 150–250 kg/t Trichoderma, mites

      Figures are planning ranges, not prescriptions. Confirm against your local KVK or state agricultural university before committing an acre to them.

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