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Kitchen & Harvest for Jonquil – Netherlands Guide: Step-by-Step & Yield Tips

6 min read April 30, 2026 Soil & Plant Nutrition

Jonquil Cultivation in the Netherlands: A Step-by-Step Guide to a Bountiful Harvest

In the heart of Europe, the Netherlands has long been renowned for its thriving agricultural landscape, where innovative farming techniques and a deep respect for the land converge to produce some of the world’s most sought-after crops. Among these prized gems is the captivating Jonquil, a delicate flower that has captivated the hearts and palates of gardeners, chefs, and nature enthusiasts alike. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll delve into the art of Jonquil cultivation in the Netherlands, exploring the step-by-step process and offering valuable insights to help you achieve a bountiful harvest.

Understanding the Jonquil: A Unique Treasure For more on this, see our related guide: Kitchen & Harvest for Kinnikinnick – Netherlands Guide: Step-by-Step & Yield Tips.

The Jonquil, a member of the Narcissus family, is a beloved flower known for its vibrant yellow hue and delicate, cup-shaped blooms. Native to the Iberian Peninsula, this hardy perennial has found a true home in the Netherlands, where the temperate climate and rich, well-drained soils provide the perfect conditions for its cultivation.

Jonquils are not only visually stunning, but they also hold a rich cultural significance, serving as symbols of spring, renewal, and happiness. In the Netherlands, these enchanting flowers have become integral to the country’s agricultural heritage, woven into the fabric of local communities and culinary traditions.

Preparing the Soil: The Foundation for Success For more on this, see our related guide: Kitchen & Harvest for Japanese Spurge – Netherlands Guide: Step-by-Step & Yield Tips.

The key to a thriving Jonquil crop begins with the soil. In the Netherlands, the well-drained, nutrient-rich soils found in many regions are ideally suited for this delicate flower. To ensure your Jonquil patch gets off to the best start, follow these essential steps:

  • Test the soil pH, aiming for a slightly acidic to neutral range of 6.0 to 7.0. For more on this, see our related guide: Kitchen & Harvest for Japanese Tree Lilac – Karnataka Guide: Step-by-Step & Yield Tips.
  • Incorporate well-rotted organic matter, such as compost or aged manure, to improve soil structure and nutrient content.
  • Ensure the soil is well-draining by adding sand or perlite if necessary, as Jonquils cannot tolerate waterlogged conditions.
  • Till the soil to a depth of 8-10 inches, creating a loose, friable texture that allows for easy root growth.

Planting the Jonquil Bulbs: Timing is Everything

In the Netherlands, the optimal time to plant Jonquil bulbs is in the fall, typically between September and November. This allows the bulbs to establish a strong root system before the winter dormancy period and prepare for a vibrant display the following spring.

When planting, ensure the bulbs are spaced 6-8 inches apart and buried at a depth of 4-6 inches, with the pointed end facing up. This depth helps protect the bulbs from frost and ensures they receive the necessary nutrients and moisture for healthy growth.

Nurturing the Jonquil Plants: Maintaining Optimal Growing Conditions For more on this, see our related guide: Kitchen & Harvest for Japanese Fern Tree – Netherlands Guide: Step-by-Step & Yield Tips.

Throughout the growing season, Jonquil plants require attentive care to thrive. Follow these essential steps to ensure a bountiful harvest:

  • Watering: Keep the soil consistently moist, but avoid waterlogging. During periods of drought, be sure to water the plants regularly to prevent the leaves from wilting. For more on this, see our related guide: Climate Stress Modeling for Joshua Tree – Netherlands Guide: Step-by-Step & Yield Tips.
  • Sunlight: Jonquils prefer full sun, so choose a location that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day.
  • Fertilizing: Apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring, following the manufacturer’s instructions carefully. This will provide the necessary nutrients for robust growth and abundant blooms.
  • Deadheading: Regularly remove spent flower heads to encourage the plant to focus its energy on producing new blooms and strengthening the bulbs for the following year.
  • Mulching: Apply a 2-3 inch layer of organic mulch, such as wood chips or shredded bark, around the base of the plants. This helps retain soil moisture and suppress weed growth.

Harvesting the Jonquil Bounty: Timing and Techniques

The culmination of your Jonquil cultivation efforts comes with the harvest. In the Netherlands, the optimal time to harvest Jonquil blooms is typically in the spring, when the flowers are at their peak. Follow these guidelines to ensure a bountiful and high-quality harvest:

  • Timing: Harvest Jonquil flowers when the buds are fully developed but before they have fully opened. This typically occurs in late March or early April, depending on the local climate. For more on this, see our related guide: Kitchen & Harvest for Jerusalem Artichoke – North America Guide: Step-by-Step & Yield Tips.
  • Cutting: Use sharp, clean scissors or pruners to carefully cut the flower stems, leaving 4-6 inches of stem attached to the bloom.
  • Handling: Handle the Jonquil blooms gently, avoiding any unnecessary bruising or damage. Place them in a cool, shaded area immediately after cutting.
  • Storage: If you are not using the Jonquil blooms immediately, store them in a refrigerator or cool, humid environment to extend their freshness and vase life.

Maximizing Yield: Tips for a Bountiful Harvest

To ensure a consistent and abundant Jonquil harvest year after year, consider the following strategies:

  • Divide and Replant: Every 3-4 years, carefully lift and divide the Jonquil bulbs, replanting them in fresh, well-prepared soil. This rejuvenates the plants and encourages the formation of new, vigorous growth. For more on this, see our related guide: Doctor Intelligence (Diseases) for King Palm – Netherlands Guide: Step-by-Step & Yield Tips.
  • Crop Rotation: Implement a crop rotation system, planting Jonquils in a different location within your garden or farm each year. This helps prevent the buildup of soil-borne pests and diseases.
  • Companion Planting: Consider companion planting Jonquils with other spring-flowering bulbs, such as tulips or daffodils, to create a vibrant, cohesive display and maximize the use of your garden space.
  • Pest and Disease Monitoring: Regularly inspect your Jonquil plants for signs of pests or diseases, and take prompt action to address any issues. This will help ensure the health and vigor of your crop.

    • Embracing the Jonquil: Culinary and Creative Uses

    Beyond their stunning visual appeal, Jonquils hold a unique place in the culinary and creative worlds of the Netherlands. Many local chefs and artisans have embraced the versatility of this flower, incorporating it into a variety of dishes and products:

    • Culinary Applications: The petals of Jonquils can be used to add a delicate, honey-like flavor to salads, desserts, and even certain savory dishes. Jonquil flowers can also be used to infuse oils, vinegars, and syrups with their captivating aroma. For more on this, see our related guide: Kitchen & Harvest for Justicia – Nebraska Guide: Step-by-Step & Yield Tips.
    • Floral Arrangements: The vibrant yellow hue and graceful form of Jonquils make them a popular choice for floral designers, who incorporate them into stunning bouquets, centerpieces, and other decorative arrangements.
    • Cosmetic and Wellness Products: The Jonquil’s natural compounds have been found to have various therapeutic properties, leading to the development of Jonquil-based skincare, aromatherapy, and wellness products.

    As you embark on your Jonquil cultivation journey in the Netherlands, remember that this delicate flower is not only a horticultural treasure but also a symbol of the country’s rich agricultural heritage and creative spirit. By mastering the art of Jonquil cultivation, you’ll not only enjoy a bountiful harvest but also contribute to the preservation and celebration of this enchanting natural wonder.

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    Crop Intelligence

    Every crop, one table

    Sowing window, duration, spacing, soil pH, water need, temperature, seed rate, yield and key pests — across 538 crops and plants, from cereals to medicinals. Indicative planning ranges for Indian conditions; varieties and regions vary.

    538 crops shown
    Agronomic reference for common Indian crops
    Group Season Sowing Spacing Soil pH Temp °C Seed / ha Yield / ha Watch for
    Rice Cereal Kharif Jun–Jul 120–150 20 × 15 cm 5.5–6.5 1200–1800 22–32 40–50 kg 4–6 t Stem borer, blast, BPH
    Wheat Cereal Rabi Nov–Dec 120–150 22 cm rows 6.0–7.5 400–650 15–25 100–125 kg 4–5 t Yellow rust, aphid, termite
    Maize Cereal Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov 90–110 60 × 20 cm 5.5–7.5 500–800 21–30 18–20 kg 5–8 t Fall armyworm, stem borer
    Barley Cereal Rabi Nov–Dec 110–130 22 cm rows 6.5–8.0 300–450 12–25 75–100 kg 3–4 t Aphid, yellow rust
    Oats Cereal Rabi Oct–Nov 100–120 22 cm rows 5.5–7.0 350–500 15–25 80–100 kg 2.5–3.5 t Rust, aphid
    Buckwheat Cereal Rabi Sep–Oct 75–90 30 × 10 cm 5.0–7.0 300–450 15–25 40–50 kg 1–1.5 t Aphid, leaf spot
    Grain Amaranth Cereal Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct 90–110 45 × 20 cm 5.5–7.5 300–450 20–30 2–3 kg 1–1.5 t Stem weevil, leaf webber
    Sorghum (Jowar) Millet Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Sep–Oct 100–120 45 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 26–32 10–12 kg 2.5–4 t Shoot fly, midge, downy mildew
    Pearl Millet (Bajra) Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 75–90 45 × 15 cm 6.5–7.8 350–500 25–35 4–5 kg 2–3 t Downy mildew, ergot
    Finger Millet (Ragi) Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 100–120 30 × 10 cm 5.0–7.5 400–600 20–30 10–12 kg 2–3 t Blast, stem borer
    Foxtail Millet Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 25 × 10 cm 5.5–7.0 250–400 20–30 8–10 kg 1.5–2 t Blast, shoot fly
    Kodo Millet Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 100–120 25 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 300–450 25–32 10–12 kg 1–1.5 t Head smut, shoot fly
    Little Millet Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 25 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 250–400 22–32 8–10 kg 0.8–1.2 t Shoot fly, grain smut
    Barnyard Millet Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 75–90 25 × 10 cm 5.5–7.0 250–400 22–30 10–12 kg 1–1.5 t Grain smut, shoot fly
    Proso Millet Millet Kharif · Zaid Jun–Jul, Feb 60–75 25 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 200–350 20–30 10–12 kg 1–1.5 t Shoot fly, head smut
    Chickpea (Gram) Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 95–120 30 × 10 cm 6.0–8.0 250–400 15–25 75–100 kg 1.5–2.5 t Pod borer, wilt
    Pigeon Pea (Tur) Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 60 × 20 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 20–30 12–15 kg 1.5–2 t Pod borer, wilt, sterility mosaic
    Green Gram (Moong) Pulse Kharif · Zaid Jun–Jul, Mar–Apr 60–75 30 × 10 cm 6.2–7.2 250–350 25–35 15–20 kg 0.8–1.2 t Yellow mosaic, thrips
    Black Gram (Urad) Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 25–35 15–20 kg 0.8–1.2 t Yellow mosaic, powdery mildew
    Lentil (Masur) Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 100–120 25 × 5 cm 6.0–7.5 200–350 15–25 30–40 kg 1–1.5 t Rust, wilt, aphid
    Cowpea Pulse Kharif · Zaid Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar 70–90 45 × 15 cm 5.5–7.5 250–400 25–35 20–25 kg 1–1.5 t Aphid, pod borer
    Field Pea Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 100–130 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 13–23 75–100 kg 1.5–2.5 t Powdery mildew, pod borer
    Horse Gram Pulse Kharif · Rabi Aug–Sep 110–130 30 × 10 cm 5.0–7.5 200–300 20–30 25–30 kg 0.6–1 t Leaf spot, pod borer
    Moth Bean Pulse Kharif Jul 70–90 30 × 10 cm 6.0–8.0 150–300 25–35 10–12 kg 0.5–0.8 t Yellow mosaic, jassid
    Rajma (Kidney Bean) Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 40 × 15 cm 5.5–6.5 300–450 15–25 80–100 kg 1.5–2 t Anthracnose, bean fly
    Faba Bean Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 120–150 45 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 12–22 100–120 kg 2–3 t Chocolate spot, aphid
    Lablab (Sem) Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 110–140 60 × 30 cm 5.5–7.5 300–450 20–30 15–20 kg 1–1.5 t Pod borer, aphid
    Cluster Bean (Guar) Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 90–110 45 × 20 cm 7.0–8.5 250–400 25–35 15–20 kg 1–1.5 t Bacterial blight, jassid
    Groundnut Oilseed Kharif Jun–Jul 100–130 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 25–30 100–120 kg 2–2.5 t Leaf miner, tikka leaf spot
    Mustard Oilseed Rabi Oct–Nov 110–140 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 10–25 4–5 kg 1.5–2 t Aphid, white rust, alternaria
    Rapeseed (Toria) Oilseed Rabi Sep–Oct 85–100 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 200–350 10–25 4–5 kg 1–1.5 t Aphid, alternaria blight
    Soybean Oilseed Kharif Jun–Jul 90–110 45 × 5 cm 6.0–7.5 450–700 20–30 65–75 kg 2–2.5 t Girdle beetle, yellow mosaic
    Sunflower Oilseed Rabi · Zaid Oct–Nov, Jan–Feb 90–110 60 × 30 cm 6.5–8.0 400–600 20–28 8–10 kg 1.5–2 t Head borer, necrosis, downy mildew
    Sesame (Til) Oilseed Kharif · Zaid Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar 80–95 30 × 15 cm 5.5–8.0 300–450 25–32 4–5 kg 0.6–1 t Phyllody, leaf webber
    Castor Oilseed Kharif Jun–Aug 150–180 90 × 60 cm 5.5–7.5 500–700 20–30 5–8 kg 1.5–2.5 t Semilooper, capsule borer, wilt
    Safflower Oilseed Rabi Oct–Nov 120–140 45 × 20 cm 6.0–8.0 250–400 15–25 10–15 kg 1–1.5 t Aphid, wilt, alternaria
    Linseed Oilseed Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 25 × 5 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 15–25 25–30 kg 1–1.5 t Bud fly, rust, wilt
    Niger Oilseed Kharif Jul–Aug 90–110 30 × 10 cm 5.5–7.0 300–450 18–28 5–6 kg 0.4–0.6 t Leaf spot, capsule fly
    Cotton Fibre Kharif May–Jun 160–200 90 × 60 cm 6.0–8.0 700–1200 21–30 1.5–2.5 kg (Bt) 2–3 t seed cotton Pink bollworm, whitefly, jassid
    Jute Fibre Kharif Mar–May 110–140 25 × 7 cm 6.0–7.5 500–750 24–35 5–8 kg 2.5–3 t fibre Stem rot, semilooper
    Mesta (Kenaf) Fibre Kharif Apr–Jun 120–150 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 450–700 22–32 12–15 kg 2–2.5 t fibre Stem rot, spiral borer
    Sunn Hemp Fibre Kharif Jun–Jul 100–120 30 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 350–500 22–32 25–30 kg 1.5–2 t fibre Hairy caterpillar, wilt
    Sugarcane Plantation Perennial Oct–Nov, Feb–Mar 300–365 90–120 cm rows 6.5–7.5 1500–2500 20–35 35–40 k setts 80–100 t Early shoot borer, red rot, woolly aphid
    Tea Plantation Perennial Jun–Aug (planting) 3–4 yr to pluck 1.2 × 0.75 m 4.5–5.5 2000–2500 18–30 13 k plants 2–3 t made tea Red spider mite, blister blight
    Coffee Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 2.5 × 2.5 m 6.0–6.5 1500–2000 15–28 1,600 plants 1–1.5 t clean White stem borer, leaf rust
    Rubber Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 6–7 yr to tap 4.9 × 4.9 m 4.5–6.0 2000–3000 25–34 420 plants 1.5–2 t dry rubber Abnormal leaf fall, pink disease
    Coconut Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 5–6 yr to bear 7.5 × 7.5 m 5.5–7.5 1300–2300 20–32 175 palms 80–120 nuts/palm Rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, root wilt
    Arecanut Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 5–7 yr to bear 2.7 × 2.7 m 5.5–7.0 1500–2500 20–32 1,350 palms 2–3 t dry kernel Koleroga, yellow leaf disease
    Cashew Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 7.5 × 7.5 m 5.5–7.0 800–1200 20–35 175 plants 1–1.5 t nuts Tea mosquito bug, stem borer
    Cocoa Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 2.7 × 2.7 m 5.5–7.0 1500–2000 20–30 1,100 plants 1–1.5 t dry bean Black pod, tea mosquito bug
    Oil Palm Plantation Perennial Jun–Sep (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 9 m triangular 5.0–7.0 2000–2500 24–32 143 palms 20–25 t FFB Rhinoceros beetle, bud rot
    Tobacco Plantation Rabi Sep–Oct 110–130 90 × 60 cm 5.5–6.5 400–600 20–30 250–300 g 1.5–2.5 t cured Aphid, budworm, black shank
    Tomato Vegetable Year-round Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov, Jan–Feb 110–140 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 20–27 250–400 g 25–40 t Fruit borer, leaf curl virus, early blight
    Onion Vegetable Rabi · Kharif Oct–Nov, Jun–Jul 120–150 15 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 350–550 13–25 8–10 kg 25–35 t Thrips, purple blotch, basal rot
    Potato Vegetable Rabi Oct–Nov 90–120 60 × 20 cm 5.5–6.5 450–650 15–22 2.5–3 t tubers 25–35 t Late blight, aphid, tuber moth
    Brinjal Vegetable Year-round Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov, Feb–Mar 120–150 60 × 60 cm 5.5–6.8 400–600 22–30 400–500 g 25–35 t Shoot & fruit borer, wilt
    Okra (Bhindi) Vegetable Kharif · Zaid Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar 55–70 45 × 30 cm 6.0–6.8 350–500 24–32 8–10 kg 10–15 t Yellow vein mosaic, shoot borer, jassid
    Chilli Vegetable Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov 150–180 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 20–30 1–1.5 kg 2–3 t dry Thrips, leaf curl, anthracnose
    Capsicum Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 110–130 45 × 30 cm 6.0–6.8 400–600 18–27 750 g–1 kg 20–30 t Thrips, mites, anthracnose
    Cabbage Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 90–120 45 × 45 cm 6.0–6.5 350–500 15–21 400–500 g 25–35 t Diamondback moth, black rot
    Cauliflower Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 90–120 45 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 15–20 400–500 g 20–30 t Diamondback moth, downy mildew
    Broccoli Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 90–110 45 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 15–20 400–500 g 12–18 t Aphid, diamondback moth
    Knol-khol Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 60–80 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 300–450 15–22 1–1.5 kg 20–25 t Aphid, black rot
    Cucumber Vegetable Zaid · Kharif Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul 50–70 150 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 20–30 2–3 kg 15–20 t Downy mildew, fruit fly, red pumpkin beetle
    Bottle Gourd Vegetable Zaid · Kharif Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul 60–80 250 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 22–32 3–5 kg 20–25 t Fruit fly, downy mildew
    Bitter Gourd Vegetable Zaid · Kharif Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul 55–75 150 × 60 cm 6.0–6.7 350–500 24–32 4–5 kg 12–18 t Fruit fly, mosaic virus
    Ridge Gourd Vegetable Zaid · Kharif Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul 55–75 200 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 24–32 3–4 kg 12–16 t Fruit fly, powdery mildew
    Sponge Gourd Vegetable Zaid · Kharif Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul 55–75 200 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 24–32 3–4 kg 12–16 t Fruit fly, downy mildew
    Ash Gourd Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 250 × 90 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 24–32 4–6 kg 25–35 t Fruit fly, mosaic
    Pumpkin Vegetable Zaid · Kharif Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul 90–120 250 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 20–30 4–6 kg 20–30 t Red pumpkin beetle, powdery mildew
    Watermelon Vegetable Zaid Jan–Mar 80–100 200 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 24–32 2.5–3.5 kg 25–35 t Fruit fly, anthracnose, wilt
    Muskmelon Vegetable Zaid Jan–Mar 75–95 150 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 350–550 24–32 2–2.5 kg 15–25 t Fruit fly, downy mildew
    French Bean Vegetable Rabi · Zaid Oct–Nov, Feb 60–80 45 × 15 cm 5.5–6.5 300–450 16–24 60–80 kg 8–12 t Anthracnose, bean fly
    Garden Pea Vegetable Rabi Oct–Nov 90–110 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 13–22 80–100 kg 8–12 t Powdery mildew, pod borer
    Radish Vegetable Rabi · Year-round Sep–Jan 40–60 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.0 250–400 15–25 10–12 kg 20–30 t Aphid, white rust
    Carrot Vegetable Rabi Aug–Nov 90–110 30 × 8 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 15–22 5–6 kg 20–30 t Leaf blight, aphid, nematode
    Beetroot Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 80–100 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 15–24 7–8 kg 20–30 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Turnip Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 55–75 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.0 250–400 13–22 4–5 kg 20–25 t Aphid, white rust
    Spinach (Palak) Vegetable Rabi · Year-round Sep–Feb 35–50 25 × 5 cm 6.0–7.5 200–350 15–25 25–30 kg 12–18 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Fenugreek (Methi) Vegetable Rabi Oct–Nov 40–60 25 × 5 cm 6.0–7.5 200–350 15–25 25–30 kg 8–12 t Powdery mildew, aphid
    Amaranth (Leafy) Vegetable Year-round Feb–Sep 30–45 20 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 200–350 22–32 2–3 kg 10–15 t Leaf webber, stem weevil
    Lettuce Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 60–80 30 × 30 cm 6.0–7.0 250–400 13–20 400–500 g 15–20 t Aphid, downy mildew
    Celery Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 110–130 40 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 15–22 2–3 kg 20–25 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Sweet Potato Vegetable Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov 100–130 60 × 20 cm 5.5–6.8 400–600 21–30 35–40 k vines 20–25 t Weevil, leaf curl
    Colocasia (Arbi) Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 60 × 45 cm 5.5–7.0 800–1200 21–32 2–2.5 t corms 15–20 t Leaf blight, aphid
    Elephant Foot Yam Vegetable Kharif Apr–May 210–240 90 × 90 cm 5.5–7.0 800–1200 25–35 10–12 t corms 30–40 t Collar rot, mosaic
    Drumstick (Moringa) Vegetable Perennial Jun–Jul 180–240 2.5 × 2.5 m 6.0–7.5 500–800 25–35 600 g 25–30 t pods Hairy caterpillar, fruit fly
    Banana Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul, Feb–Mar 300–365 1.8 × 1.8 m 6.0–7.5 1200–2000 20–35 3,000 suckers 50–70 t Sigatoka, panama wilt, weevil
    Mango Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 10 × 10 m 5.5–7.5 700–1000 24–30 100 grafts 8–12 t Hopper, powdery mildew, fruit fly
    Papaya Fruit Year-round Feb–Mar, Jun–Jul 270–300 1.8 × 1.8 m 6.0–7.0 1000–1500 22–32 250–300 g 40–60 t Ring spot virus, mealybug
    Guava Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 2–3 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 800–1000 23–30 270 plants 20–25 t Fruit fly, wilt, anthracnose
    Sweet Orange Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 900–1200 20–32 270 plants 20–25 t Citrus canker, leaf miner, psylla
    Mandarin (Kinnow) Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 900–1200 18–30 270 plants 20–30 t Citrus canker, greening, leaf miner
    Lemon Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.5 800–1100 20–32 400 plants 15–20 t Canker, leaf miner, gummosis
    Grapes Fruit Perennial Jan–Feb (planting) 2–3 yr to bear 3 × 2 m 6.5–7.5 600–900 15–35 1,650 vines 20–30 t Downy mildew, powdery mildew, thrips
    Pomegranate Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 2–3 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 6.5–7.5 600–900 20–35 400 plants 15–20 t Bacterial blight, fruit borer
    Apple Fruit Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 4–6 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 5.5–6.5 800–1200 10–24 400 plants 15–20 t Scab, codling moth, woolly aphid
    Pear Fruit Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 4–6 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.0 800–1100 10–25 270 plants 15–20 t Scab, leaf blight
    Peach Fruit Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.0 700–1000 12–26 400 plants 10–15 t Leaf curl, fruit fly
    Plum Fruit Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.0 700–1000 12–26 400 plants 10–15 t Brown rot, aphid
    Litchi Fruit Perennial Jun–Sep (planting) 5–7 yr to bear 8 × 8 m 5.5–7.0 1200–1600 20–35 156 plants 8–12 t Fruit borer, mite, fruit cracking
    Sapota (Chikoo) Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 8 × 8 m 6.0–8.0 900–1300 20–32 156 plants 15–20 t Bud borer, leaf spot
    Custard Apple Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 6.5–7.5 600–800 23–32 400 plants 8–10 t Mealybug, anthracnose
    Jackfruit Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 5–7 yr to bear 10 × 10 m 6.0–7.5 1000–1500 22–35 100 plants 15–20 t Fruit rot, shoot borer
    Pineapple Fruit Perennial Jul–Sep 450–540 60 × 30 cm 5.0–6.0 1000–1500 22–32 43 k suckers 50–60 t Mealybug, heart rot
    Ber (Indian Jujube) Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 2–3 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 6.0–8.5 400–600 20–35 270 plants 15–20 t Fruit fly, powdery mildew
    Amla Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 8 × 8 m 6.0–8.0 600–900 20–35 156 plants 10–15 t Rust, bark eating caterpillar
    Fig Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 2–3 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.5 600–800 20–32 400 plants 10–15 t Rust, stem borer
    Date Palm Fruit Perennial Feb–Mar (planting) 5–7 yr to bear 8 × 8 m 7.0–8.5 1200–1800 25–40 156 palms 10–15 t Graphiola leaf spot, borer
    Strawberry Fruit Rabi Sep–Oct 90–120 30 × 30 cm 5.5–6.5 400–600 15–25 55 k runners 10–15 t Grey mould, mite, leaf spot
    Kiwi Fruit Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 4 × 5 m 5.5–7.0 900–1200 10–25 500 vines 12–18 t Root rot, leaf spot
    Avocado Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 8 × 8 m 5.5–6.5 1000–1400 20–30 156 plants 8–12 t Anthracnose, root rot
    Dragon Fruit Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 18–24 mo to bear 3 × 3 m 5.5–7.0 600–900 20–35 1,100 posts 10–15 t Stem canker, mealybug
    Almond Nut Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 700–1000 10–28 270 plants 1.5–2 t Leaf blight, hairy caterpillar
    Walnut Nut Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 6–8 yr to bear 10 × 10 m 6.0–7.5 800–1200 10–25 100 plants 2–3 t Anthracnose, walnut blight
    Pecan Nut Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 6–8 yr to bear 10 × 10 m 6.0–7.0 900–1300 15–30 100 plants 1.5–2.5 t Scab, aphid, shuck decline
    Pistachio Nut Perennial Jan–Feb (planting) 6–8 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 7.0–8.0 600–900 15–35 270 plants 1.5–2 t Alternaria blight, twig borer
    Hazelnut Nut Perennial Dec–Jan (planting) 4–5 yr to bear 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.0 700–1000 10–24 400 plants 1.5–2 t Blight, filbert weevil
    Turmeric Spice Kharif May–Jun 240–270 30 × 20 cm 5.5–7.5 1200–1500 20–30 2–2.5 t rhizome 25–30 t fresh Rhizome rot, leaf spot, shoot borer
    Ginger Spice Kharif Apr–May 210–240 25 × 20 cm 5.5–6.5 1300–1800 20–30 1.5–2 t rhizome 15–20 t fresh Soft rot, bacterial wilt
    Coriander Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 90–110 30 × 15 cm 6.0–8.0 250–400 15–25 10–15 kg 1–1.5 t Powdery mildew, aphid, wilt
    Cumin Spice Rabi Nov–Dec 100–120 30 × 10 cm 6.8–8.3 250–350 15–25 12–15 kg 0.6–0.8 t Wilt, blight, aphid
    Fennel Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 140–160 45 × 20 cm 6.5–8.0 350–500 15–25 8–10 kg 1.5–2 t Aphid, blight, wilt
    Fenugreek (Seed) Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 120–140 25 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 15–25 20–25 kg 1.2–1.8 t Powdery mildew, root rot
    Garlic Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 130–160 15 × 10 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 12–24 500–600 kg cloves 8–12 t Thrips, purple blotch, basal rot
    Black Pepper Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3–4 yr to bear 3 × 3 m 5.5–6.5 2000–3000 20–32 1,100 vines 2–3 t dry Quick wilt, pollu beetle
    Cardamom (Small) Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 2–3 yr to bear 2 × 2 m 5.0–6.5 1500–2500 15–28 2,500 plants 150–250 kg dry Katte virus, thrips, rot
    Cardamom (Large) Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3 yr to bear 1.5 × 1.5 m 5.0–6.5 2000–3000 10–25 4,400 plants 200–300 kg dry Chirke, foorkey virus
    Clove Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 6–8 yr to bear 6 × 6 m 5.5–7.0 1500–2500 20–30 270 plants 1–2 kg/tree Leaf rot, seedling wilt
    Cinnamon Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3–4 yr to harvest 2 × 2 m 5.0–7.0 1500–2500 20–30 2,500 plants 150–200 kg quill Leaf spot, stripe canker
    Nutmeg Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 6–8 yr to bear 8 × 8 m 5.5–7.0 1500–2500 20–32 156 plants 500–1000 fruits/tree Fruit rot, die-back
    Ajwain Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 140–160 45 × 20 cm 6.5–8.0 250–400 15–25 3–4 kg 0.8–1.2 t Powdery mildew, aphid
    Dill Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 30 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 15–25 8–10 kg 0.8–1 t Aphid, powdery mildew
    Tamarind Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 6–8 yr to bear 10 × 10 m 6.0–8.0 700–1000 22–35 100 plants 150–200 kg/tree Fruit borer, scale
    Vanilla Spice Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 3 yr to bear 2 × 1.5 m 6.0–7.0 1500–2500 21–32 1,600 vines 300–500 kg green Bean rot, stem rot
    Marigold Flower Year-round Jun, Sep, Jan 60–90 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 18–30 1–1.5 kg 15–20 t Leaf spot, thrips, red spider mite
    Rose Flower Perennial Sep–Oct (planting) 90–120 to flower 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 600–900 15–28 37 k plants 8–10 lakh blooms Black spot, powdery mildew, thrips
    Jasmine Flower Perennial Jun–Jul (planting) 1–2 yr to bear 1.5 × 1.5 m 6.5–7.5 700–1000 20–32 4,400 plants 8–12 t Bud worm, leaf webber, gall mite
    Chrysanthemum Flower Rabi Jun–Jul 110–130 30 × 30 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 15–25 1.1 lakh cuttings 15–20 t Leaf spot, aphid, thrips
    Tuberose Flower Kharif Mar–Apr 90–120 30 × 20 cm 6.5–7.5 500–700 20–30 2–2.5 lakh bulbs 15–20 t spikes Aphid, thrips, stem rot
    Gladiolus Flower Rabi Sep–Nov 90–120 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 15–25 2–2.5 lakh corms 2–2.5 lakh spikes Fusarium wilt, thrips
    Gerbera Flower Protected Year-round 90–100 to flower 30 × 30 cm 5.5–6.5 Drip fertigation 18–26 60 k plants 200–250 stems/m² Powdery mildew, whitefly, mite
    Carnation Flower Protected Year-round 120–150 to flower 15 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 Drip fertigation 13–22 2.5 lakh plants 250–300 stems/m² Fusarium wilt, thrips, mite
    Orchid Flower Protected Year-round 18–24 mo to bear 30 × 30 cm 5.5–6.5 Misting 20–30 40 k plants 4–6 spikes/plant Black rot, scale, thrips
    Anthurium Flower Protected Year-round 12–18 mo to bear 30 × 30 cm 5.5–6.5 Misting 18–28 60 k plants 6–8 blooms/plant Bacterial blight, mite
    Aloe Vera Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 240–300 60 × 45 cm 6.0–8.0 400–600 20–35 25 k suckers 30–40 t leaf Leaf spot, mealybug
    Ashwagandha Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 30 × 10 cm 6.5–8.0 300–450 20–32 10–12 kg 0.6–0.8 t root Leaf spot, aphid
    Tulsi (Holy Basil) Medicinal Kharif Apr–May 90–110 45 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 20–32 300–400 g 10–12 t herb Leaf roller, powdery mildew
    Lemongrass Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 90 per cut 60 × 45 cm 5.5–7.5 800–1200 20–32 35 k slips 15–20 t herb Leaf blight, rust
    Mentha (Menthol Mint) Medicinal Zaid Jan–Feb 110–130 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 600–900 20–30 400–500 kg suckers 100–150 kg oil Leaf spot, hairy caterpillar
    Stevia Medicinal Perennial Feb–Mar 90 per cut 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 600–900 18–30 90 k plants 3–4 t dry leaf Leaf spot, wilt
    Isabgol (Psyllium) Medicinal Rabi Nov–Dec 110–130 30 × 10 cm 7.0–8.5 250–350 15–25 4–5 kg 0.8–1.2 t Downy mildew, aphid
    Senna Medicinal Kharif · Rabi Jul, Oct 110–130 45 × 30 cm 7.0–8.5 250–400 20–35 15–20 kg 1–1.5 t leaf Leaf spot, pod borer
    Safed Musli Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 180–210 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.5 600–900 20–32 5–6 q roots 2–2.5 t fresh root Root rot, leaf spot
    Vetiver (Khus) Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 540–600 60 × 45 cm 5.5–8.0 800–1200 20–35 35 k slips 20–25 kg oil Root borer, leaf blight
    Patchouli Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 150 per cut 60 × 60 cm 5.5–7.0 1500–2000 22–30 28 k cuttings 40–60 kg oil Leaf blight, wilt, nematode
    Berseem Fodder Rabi Oct–Nov 50 per cut Broadcast 6.5–7.5 500–700 15–25 20–25 kg 80–100 t green Root rot, stem rot
    Lucerne (Alfalfa) Fodder Perennial Oct–Nov 45 per cut 30 cm rows 6.5–7.5 600–900 15–30 12–15 kg 80–100 t green Wilt, aphid
    Napier (Hybrid) Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60 per cut 90 × 60 cm 5.5–7.5 1000–1500 25–35 20 k slips 200–250 t green Leaf blight, stem borer
    Fodder Maize Fodder Kharif · Zaid Jun–Jul, Feb 60–70 30 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 21–30 50–60 kg 40–50 t green Stem borer, leaf blight
    Fodder Sorghum Fodder Kharif Jun–Jul 60–75 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 25–32 35–40 kg 40–50 t green Shoot fly, anthracnose
    Fodder Cowpea Fodder Kharif Jun–Jul 55–70 30 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 300–450 25–35 35–40 kg 25–30 t green Aphid, leaf spot
    Oats (Fodder) Fodder Rabi Oct–Nov 60–70 25 cm rows 5.5–7.0 350–500 15–25 80–100 kg 35–45 t green Rust, aphid
    Quinoa Cereal Rabi Oct–Nov 90–120 45 × 15 cm 6.0–8.5 300–450 15–25 5–8 kg 1.5–2.5 t Downy mildew, leaf miner
    Triticale Cereal Rabi Nov 120–140 22 cm rows 5.5–7.5 400–550 12–25 100–125 kg 4–5 t Rust, aphid
    Hull-less Barley Cereal Rabi Nov–Dec 110–130 22 cm rows 6.5–8.0 300–450 12–25 75–100 kg 2.5–3.5 t Aphid, yellow rust
    Fonio Cereal Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 Broadcast 5.0–6.5 400–600 25–32 20–30 kg 0.6–1 t Bird damage, blast
    Teff Cereal Kharif Jul 90–120 Broadcast 5.5–7.5 350–500 18–28 8–12 kg 1–1.8 t Lodging, rust
    Job's Tears Cereal Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 700–1000 22–30 20–25 kg 2–3 t Smut, stem borer
    Wild Rice Cereal Kharif Apr–May 100–120 Broadcast 6.0–7.5 1200–1800 18–28 30–40 kg 0.8–1.5 t Bird damage, brown spot
    Spelt Cereal Rabi Oct–Nov 130–150 22 cm rows 6.0–7.5 400–550 12–22 130–160 kg 2.5–3.5 t Rust, loose smut
    Einkorn Cereal Rabi Oct–Nov 130–160 22 cm rows 6.0–7.5 350–500 12–22 100–120 kg 1.5–2.5 t Rust, lodging
    Emmer Cereal Rabi Oct–Nov 125–150 22 cm rows 6.0–7.5 350–500 12–24 100–125 kg 2–3 t Rust, loose smut
    Rye Cereal Rabi Oct–Nov 120–150 20 cm rows 5.0–7.0 350–500 10–22 100–120 kg 2.5–3.5 t Ergot, aphid
    Canary Grass Cereal Rabi Nov 110–130 22 cm rows 6.0–7.5 350–500 12–25 25–30 kg 1–1.5 t Aphid, lodging
    Popcorn Cereal Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct 95–115 60 × 20 cm 5.8–7.0 500–700 21–30 8–10 kg 2.5–3.5 t Fall armyworm, stem borer
    Browntop Millet Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 60–75 25 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 300–450 25–33 8–10 kg 0.8–1.2 t Blast, shoot fly
    Japanese Millet Millet Kharif Jun–Jul 60–80 25 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 350–500 22–32 10–12 kg 1.5–2 t Blast, armyworm
    Lathyrus (Khesari) Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 10–25 30–40 kg 0.8–1.2 t Downy mildew, aphid
    Bambara Groundnut Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 110–150 30 × 20 cm 5.0–6.5 500–700 20–30 55–75 kg 0.8–1.5 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Velvet Bean (Mucuna) Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 75 × 30 cm 5.0–6.5 600–900 20–30 20–25 kg 1–1.5 t Pod borer, leaf spot
    Sword Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 120–150 90 × 60 cm 5.5–7.0 500–750 20–30 40–50 kg 1.5–2 t Pod borer, aphid
    Winged Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 120–150 60 × 30 cm 5.5–6.5 800–1200 20–30 30–40 kg 2–3 t Pod borer, leaf spot
    Rice Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 30 × 10 cm 5.5–7.0 400–600 22–30 20–25 kg 0.8–1.2 t Pod borer, yellow mosaic
    Adzuki Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 45 × 10 cm 5.5–6.5 400–550 18–28 25–30 kg 1–1.5 t Pod borer, root rot
    Lima Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 60 × 30 cm 6.0–7.0 450–650 18–27 40–50 kg 1–1.5 t Pod borer, downy mildew
    Grass Pea Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 10–25 30–40 kg 0.8–1.2 t Downy mildew, aphid
    Broad Bean Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 100–130 45 × 20 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 10–22 100–120 kg 1.5–2.5 t Chocolate spot, aphid
    Scarlet Runner Bean Pulse Rabi Sep–Oct 90–110 75 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 14–24 60–70 kg 2–3 t Anthracnose, aphid
    Tepary Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 70–95 45 × 10 cm 6.0–7.8 200–350 20–32 25–30 kg 0.7–1.2 t Bacterial blight, leafhopper
    Yam Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 60 × 25 cm 5.5–7.0 700–1000 20–30 20–25 kg 20–30 t Root rot, leaf spot
    Jack Bean Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 120–150 90 × 45 cm 5.0–7.0 500–750 20–30 45–55 kg 1.5–2 t Pod borer, leaf spot
    Pinto Bean Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 90–110 45 × 10 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 16–26 60–70 kg 1.5–2 t Anthracnose, rust
    Navy Bean Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 85–100 45 × 8 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 16–26 60–70 kg 1.5–2 t Halo blight, rust
    Lupin Pulse Rabi Oct–Nov 120–150 30 × 10 cm 5.0–6.5 350–500 10–22 100–130 kg 1.5–2.5 t Anthracnose, brown spot
    Black-eyed Pea Pulse Kharif Jun–Jul 75–90 45 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 22–32 20–25 kg 1–1.5 t Pod borer, aphid
    Yardlong Bean Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 60–80 60 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 500–700 22–32 12–15 kg 10–14 t Pod borer, aphid
    Paprika Vegetable Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct 150–180 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 600–800 18–30 1–1.5 kg 2–3 t Thrips, anthracnose
    Summer Squash Vegetable Kharif · Zaid Feb–Mar, Jun 45–60 120 × 60 cm 5.8–7.0 400–600 18–30 4–5 kg 15–25 t Fruit fly, powdery mildew
    Winter Squash Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 200 × 100 cm 5.8–7.0 500–700 18–30 3–4 kg 20–30 t Fruit fly, downy mildew
    Zucchini Vegetable Zaid · Rabi Feb–Mar, Oct 45–60 120 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 18–28 4–5 kg 20–30 t Powdery mildew, fruit fly
    Spiny Gourd Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 90–110 150 × 100 cm 5.5–7.0 600–900 22–32 Tubers 6–10 t Fruit fly, mosaic
    Salsify Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 120–150 30 × 8 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 10–24 8–10 kg 12–18 t Carrot fly, white blister
    Celeriac Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 110–140 40 × 30 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 12–22 0.3–0.5 kg 25–35 t Leaf spot, celery fly
    Parsnip Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 120–160 40 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 400–550 8–20 4–5 kg 20–30 t Canker, carrot fly
    Arracacha Vegetable Perennial Jun–Jul 10–12 mo 80 × 50 cm 5.5–6.5 800–1200 15–22 Offsets 15–25 t Root rot, leaf spot
    Oca Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 180–240 60 × 30 cm 5.5–6.5 600–800 10–22 1500–2000 kg 15–25 t Weevil, virus
    Mashua Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 180–240 70 × 40 cm 5.3–7.5 700–1000 10–20 1200–1600 kg 20–30 t Nematode, virus
    Arrowroot Vegetable Kharif May–Jun 10–11 mo 30 × 25 cm 5.5–6.5 1200–1800 20–30 1500–2000 kg 15–25 t Leaf spot, rot
    Chinese Potato Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 30 × 15 cm 5.5–7.0 700–1000 20–30 1000–1200 kg 15–20 t Nematode, leaf spot
    Daikon Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 55–70 45 × 15 cm 5.8–6.8 300–450 10–25 8–10 kg 30–45 t Aphid, club root
    Horseradish Vegetable Perennial Feb–Mar 8–10 mo 60 × 40 cm 6.0–7.5 500–700 10–24 Root sets 8–12 t White rust, flea beetle
    Swede Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 90–120 45 × 20 cm 5.5–7.0 350–500 8–20 2–3 kg 35–50 t Club root, flea beetle
    Scorzonera Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 150–180 30 × 8 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 10–22 10–12 kg 12–18 t White blister, aphid
    Shallot Vegetable Rabi Oct–Nov 90–110 20 × 10 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 13–24 800–1000 kg 12–18 t Thrips, purple blotch
    Leek Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 120–150 40 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 450–650 10–24 4–6 kg 25–35 t Thrips, rust
    Spring Onion Vegetable Rabi · Zaid Sep–Oct, Feb 60–80 20 × 8 cm 6.0–7.0 300–450 13–25 8–10 kg 15–20 t Thrips, downy mildew
    Elephant Garlic Vegetable Rabi Oct–Nov 150–180 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 12–24 1200–1500 kg 10–15 t White rot, thrips
    Brussels Sprout Vegetable Rabi Aug–Sep 120–150 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 7–20 0.4–0.5 kg 12–18 t Aphid, club root
    Collard Greens Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 70–90 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 10–24 0.4–0.5 kg 20–30 t Aphid, diamondback moth
    Bok Choy Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 45–60 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 13–24 0.4–0.6 kg 20–30 t Flea beetle, downy mildew
    Swiss Chard Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 55–70 40 × 25 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 10–24 6–8 kg 25–35 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Endive Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 80–100 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 10–22 0.8–1 kg 18–25 t Aphid, tip burn
    Escarole Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 80–100 35 × 30 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 10–22 0.8–1 kg 18–25 t Aphid, downy mildew
    Arugula Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 30–45 20 × 8 cm 6.0–7.0 250–400 10–22 4–6 kg 8–12 t Flea beetle, downy mildew
    Purslane Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 30–45 20 × 10 cm 5.5–7.5 250–400 20–32 3–4 kg 10–15 t Aphid, leaf miner
    Sorrel Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 60–80 30 × 20 cm 5.5–6.8 350–500 10–24 3–4 kg 12–18 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Basella (Malabar Spinach) Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 55–70 60 × 45 cm 5.5–7.0 600–900 22–32 5–7 kg 25–35 t Leaf spot, nematode
    Chinese Cabbage Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 60–80 45 × 35 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 13–22 0.4–0.5 kg 35–50 t Aphid, soft rot
    Tatsoi Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 40–50 25 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 300–450 10–22 0.4–0.6 kg 15–22 t Flea beetle, aphid
    Mizuna Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 35–50 25 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 300–450 10–22 0.4–0.6 kg 15–22 t Flea beetle, downy mildew
    Komatsuna Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 35–50 25 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 10–24 0.5–0.7 kg 18–25 t Flea beetle, aphid
    Radicchio Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 80–100 35 × 30 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 10–20 0.5–0.7 kg 15–22 t Tip burn, aphid
    Chicory Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 110–140 45 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 10–22 3–4 kg 25–35 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Bathua (Chenopodium) Vegetable Rabi Oct–Nov 45–60 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.8 250–400 10–25 3–4 kg 10–15 t Leaf miner, aphid
    Gai Lan Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 55–70 35 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 13–24 0.5–0.7 kg 15–22 t Flea beetle, aphid
    Broccoli Rabe Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 45–60 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 10–22 0.6–0.8 kg 12–18 t Aphid, downy mildew
    Asparagus Vegetable Perennial Feb–Mar 2–3 yr 150 × 40 cm 6.5–7.5 500–700 15–25 Crowns 4–6 t Rust, asparagus beetle
    Globe Artichoke Vegetable Rabi Aug–Sep 150–180 100 × 75 cm 6.5–7.5 600–800 12–24 Suckers 8–12 t Aphid, powdery mildew
    Sweet Corn Vegetable Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct–Nov 70–85 60 × 20 cm 5.8–7.0 500–700 21–30 8–9 kg 8–12 t Fall armyworm, corn earworm
    Baby Corn Vegetable Year-round Any 50–60 45 × 20 cm 5.8–7.0 450–600 21–30 20–25 kg 1.5–2 t Fall armyworm, stem borer
    Snake Gourd Vegetable Kharif · Zaid Jun–Jul, Feb 70–90 200 × 100 cm 6.0–7.0 600–900 22–32 4–5 kg 15–22 t Fruit fly, downy mildew
    Ivy Gourd Vegetable Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 mo 200 × 150 cm 5.5–7.0 700–1000 22–35 Cuttings 20–30 t Fruit fly, mosaic
    Pointed Gourd Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 4–5 mo 200 × 100 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 22–35 Vine cuttings 15–25 t Fruit fly, leaf spot
    Chayote Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 100–130 300 × 300 cm 5.5–6.8 900–1400 15–28 Whole fruit 30–50 t Fruit fly, powdery mildew
    Tinda Vegetable Zaid · Kharif Feb–Mar, Jun 60–75 150 × 60 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 22–35 5–6 kg 10–15 t Fruit fly, red pumpkin beetle
    Cassava (Tapioca) Vegetable Kharif May–Jun 9–11 mo 90 × 90 cm 5.5–7.0 1000–1500 25–35 Stem cuttings 25–40 t Mosaic virus, mealybug
    Yam (Dioscorea) Vegetable Kharif Apr–May 8–10 mo 90 × 60 cm 5.5–6.5 1200–1800 25–32 2000–2500 kg 20–30 t Anthracnose, nematode
    Taro Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 6–8 mo 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 1200–1800 21–32 1200–1500 kg 15–25 t Leaf blight, corm rot
    Jerusalem Artichoke Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 120–150 75 × 30 cm 5.8–7.5 400–600 10–26 1200–1500 kg 25–40 t Sclerotinia, aphid
    Kohlrabi Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 60–80 45 × 20 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 10–24 1–1.5 kg 20–30 t Aphid, club root
    Kale Vegetable Rabi Sep–Oct 70–95 60 × 40 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 7–24 0.4–0.5 kg 20–30 t Aphid, diamondback moth
    Mustard Greens Vegetable Rabi Sep–Nov 40–55 30 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 10–25 4–5 kg 15–22 t Aphid, white rust
    Bamboo Shoot Vegetable Kharif Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–7.0 1200–2000 20–35 Rhizomes 8–15 t Shoot borer, mealybug
    Camelina Oilseed Rabi Oct–Nov 85–100 20 cm rows 6.0–7.5 250–400 10–22 5–7 kg 1–1.5 t Flea beetle, downy mildew
    Perilla Oilseed Kharif Jun–Jul 110–140 45 × 20 cm 5.5–7.0 500–700 18–28 4–6 kg 0.8–1.2 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Chia Oilseed Rabi Oct–Nov 110–140 45 × 20 cm 6.0–8.0 300–450 15–28 5–6 kg 0.6–1 t Aphid, root rot
    Hempseed Oilseed Kharif Jun–Jul 100–120 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 15–27 30–40 kg 1–1.5 t Grey mould, borer
    Taramira Oilseed Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 30 × 10 cm 6.0–8.0 200–350 10–25 5–6 kg 0.8–1.2 t Aphid, white rust
    Jojoba Oilseed Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–8.0 300–500 20–35 Nursery 1.5–3 t Root rot, scale
    Peanut Oilseed Kharif Jun–Jul 100–130 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 25–32 100–120 kg 2–3 t Leaf miner, tikka leaf spot
    Olive Oilseed Perennial Jul–Aug 4–6 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–8.0 400–700 15–35 Nursery 4–8 t Olive fly, peacock spot
    Jatropha Oilseed Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 2 × 2 m 6.0–8.5 400–800 20–38 Cuttings 2–4 t Scale, collar rot
    Karanj (Pongamia) Oilseed Perennial Jun–Jul 5–7 yr 5 × 5 m 6.5–8.5 500–1000 20–38 Nursery 3–6 t Leaf webber, gall
    Mahua Oilseed Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 10 × 10 m 6.0–7.5 600–1200 20–40 Nursery 2–4 t Leaf caterpillar, borer
    Tamarillo Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 3 × 2 m 5.8–7.0 800–1200 15–25 Nursery 15–20 t Powdery mildew, aphid
    Naranjilla Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 10–14 mo 2.5 × 2 m 5.5–6.5 1000–1500 17–24 Nursery 10–15 t Nematode, fusarium
    Pepino Fruit Perennial Sep–Oct 4–6 mo 1 × 0.8 m 6.0–7.0 500–750 15–25 Nursery 25–40 t Aphid, virus
    Ground Cherry Fruit Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 90 × 60 cm 5.5–7.0 400–600 18–30 0.4–0.6 kg 8–12 t Flea beetle, leaf spot
    Goji Berry Fruit Perennial Feb–Mar 2–3 yr 2 × 1.5 m 6.8–8.1 400–600 10–30 Nursery 6–10 t Gall mite, aphid
    Honeydew Fruit Zaid Feb–Mar 80–100 150 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 22–32 1–1.5 kg 18–25 t Fruit fly, powdery mildew
    Horned Melon Fruit Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 150 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 20–30 2–3 kg 10–15 t Fruit fly, aphid
    Longan Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 4–6 yr 8 × 8 m 5.5–6.5 1200–1600 20–33 Nursery 8–12 t Fruit borer, litchi mite
    Rambutan Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 5–6 yr 10 × 10 m 4.5–6.5 1500–2500 22–32 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit borer, mealybug
    Mangosteen Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 8–10 yr 8 × 8 m 5.0–6.5 1500–2500 25–35 Nursery 6–10 t Gamboge, thrips
    Durian Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 6–8 yr 10 × 10 m 5.5–6.5 1500–2500 24–32 Nursery 10–15 t Phytophthora, fruit borer
    Breadfruit Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 yr 10 × 10 m 6.0–7.0 1500–2500 21–32 Root cuttings 15–25 t Fruit fly, mealybug
    Soursop Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–6.5 1000–1500 22–32 Nursery 8–12 t Fruit borer, anthracnose
    Cherimoya Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–5 yr 6 × 6 m 6.5–7.6 800–1200 13–25 Nursery 8–12 t Fruit borer, mealybug
    Atemoya Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 6 × 5 m 6.0–7.5 900–1300 18–30 Nursery 8–14 t Fruit borer, anthracnose
    Bilimbi Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–7.0 1200–1800 22–32 Nursery 15–25 t Fruit fly, leaf spot
    Kokum Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 6–8 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–6.5 1500–2500 20–32 Nursery 4–8 t Leaf spot, mealybug
    Rose Apple Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 7 × 7 m 5.5–7.0 1000–1500 20–32 Nursery 10–18 t Fruit fly, leaf spot
    Feijoa Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 5 × 4 m 5.5–7.0 700–1000 10–25 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit fly, scale
    Plantain Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 12–14 mo 2 × 2 m 6.0–7.5 1500–2000 20–32 Suckers 30–45 t Sigatoka, weevil
    Salak Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 4–5 yr 3 × 3 m 5.5–7.0 1500–2500 22–32 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit rot, mealybug
    Langsat Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 8 × 8 m 5.5–6.5 1500–2500 22–32 Nursery 8–12 t Fruit borer, leaf spot
    Santol Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 5–7 yr 8 × 8 m 5.5–7.0 1200–2000 22–32 Nursery 15–25 t Fruit fly, scale
    Black Sapote Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–7.5 1000–1500 20–32 Nursery 10–18 t Fruit fly, scale
    White Sapote Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 yr 8 × 8 m 5.5–7.5 800–1200 15–28 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit fly, scale
    Mamey Sapote Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 6–8 yr 10 × 10 m 6.0–7.5 1200–1800 22–32 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit fly, anthracnose
    Canistel Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–5 yr 7 × 7 m 5.5–7.5 1000–1500 20–32 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit fly, scale
    Lucuma Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 yr 7 × 7 m 6.0–7.5 800–1200 15–26 Nursery 8–14 t Fruit fly, scale
    Star Apple Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 5–7 yr 9 × 9 m 5.5–7.5 1200–1800 22–32 Nursery 10–18 t Fruit fly, mealybug
    Sugar Apple Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.5 700–1000 20–32 Nursery 6–10 t Mealybug, fruit borer
    Quince Fruit Perennial Jan–Feb 3–4 yr 5 × 4 m 6.0–7.5 600–900 10–24 Nursery 12–18 t Fire blight, codling moth
    Medlar Fruit Perennial Jan–Feb 4–5 yr 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.5 600–900 8–24 Nursery 8–12 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Loquat Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 700–1000 15–30 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit fly, pear blight
    Nectarine Fruit Perennial Jan–Feb 3–4 yr 5 × 4 m 6.0–7.0 600–900 10–28 Nursery 10–15 t Leaf curl, fruit fly
    Sea Buckthorn Fruit Perennial Feb–Mar 3–4 yr 3 × 2 m 6.0–7.5 400–600 5–25 Nursery 4–8 t Fusarium, moth
    Jujube Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–8.0 400–600 15–35 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit fly, powdery mildew
    Passion Fruit Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 10–14 mo 300 × 300 cm 6.0–7.0 900–1400 20–30 Nursery 12–20 t Fruit fly, woodiness virus
    Star Fruit (Carambola) Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–6.5 1200–1800 22–32 Nursery 15–25 t Fruit fly, anthracnose
    Lychee Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 5–7 yr 8 × 8 m 5.0–7.0 1200–1800 20–35 Air layers 8–12 t Litchi mite, fruit borer
    Jamun Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 6–8 yr 10 × 10 m 6.0–8.0 900–1500 20–38 Nursery 10–18 t Fruit fly, leaf spot
    Bael Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 5–7 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–8.0 600–1000 20–38 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit canker, borer
    Wood Apple Fruit Perennial Jul–Aug 7–10 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–8.0 500–1000 20–40 Nursery 8–12 t Fruit borer, leaf spot
    Apricot Fruit Perennial Jan–Feb 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 500–800 5–28 Nursery 8–14 t Shot hole, aphid
    Cherry Fruit Perennial Jan–Feb 4–5 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 600–900 5–25 Nursery 6–10 t Fruit fly, brown rot
    Persimmon Fruit Perennial Jan–Feb 4–6 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 700–1000 10–30 Nursery 10–18 t Fruit fly, leaf spot
    Mulberry Fruit Perennial Jun–Jul 1–2 yr 2 × 2 m 6.0–7.5 700–1200 18–35 Cuttings 20–30 t leaf Leaf spot, root knot
    Chives Herb Perennial Sep–Oct 70–90 25 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 12–24 4–6 kg 8–12 t Thrips, rust
    Basil Herb Kharif · Zaid Feb–Mar, Jun 60–80 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 400–600 18–30 2–3 kg 15–25 t Downy mildew, aphid
    Thai Basil Herb Kharif Jun–Jul 60–80 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 450–650 20–32 2–3 kg 15–22 t Downy mildew, whitefly
    Oregano Herb Perennial Feb–Mar 90–120 45 × 30 cm 6.0–8.0 350–500 15–28 1–2 kg 6–10 t Root rot, spider mite
    Thyme Herb Perennial Feb–Mar 90–120 40 × 25 cm 6.0–8.0 300–450 15–28 1–2 kg 5–8 t Root rot, spider mite
    Rosemary Herb Perennial Feb–Mar 2–3 yr 90 × 60 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 15–28 Cuttings 6–10 t Root rot, scale
    Sage Herb Perennial Feb–Mar 90–150 60 × 40 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 15–28 2–3 kg 6–9 t Powdery mildew, root rot
    Marjoram Herb Perennial Feb–Mar 90–120 40 × 25 cm 6.5–8.0 350–500 15–28 1–2 kg 5–8 t Root rot, aphid
    Savory Herb Rabi Sep–Oct 80–100 35 × 20 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 15–26 2–3 kg 5–8 t Root rot, aphid
    Pandan Herb Perennial Jun–Jul 12–18 mo 150 × 100 cm 5.5–6.5 1200–1800 22–32 Suckers 10–15 t Leaf spot, mealybug
    Kaffir Lime Leaf Herb Perennial Jun–Jul 2–3 yr 4 × 4 m 5.5–7.0 900–1200 20–32 Nursery 6–10 t Leaf miner, canker
    Tarragon Herb Perennial Feb–Mar 90–120 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 13–24 Cuttings 5–8 t Root rot, rust
    Lovage Herb Perennial Sep–Oct 120–150 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 450–650 10–24 2–3 kg 10–15 t Leaf miner, aphid
    Angelica Herb Perennial Sep–Oct 2 yr 90 × 60 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 10–22 3–4 kg 8–12 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Chervil Herb Rabi Sep–Nov 40–60 25 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 300–450 10–20 3–4 kg 8–12 t Aphid, downy mildew
    Parsley Herb Rabi Sep–Oct 70–90 30 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 10–24 3–4 kg 12–18 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Mint Leaf Herb Perennial Feb–Mar 90–120 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 20–30 Suckers 20–30 t Rust, leaf spot
    Curry Leaf Herb Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 150 × 150 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1100 20–35 Nursery 10–15 t Psyllid, leaf spot
    Watercress Aquatic Perennial Sep–Oct 50–70 20 × 15 cm 6.5–7.5 Flowing water 10–20 Cuttings 20–30 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Water Spinach Aquatic Kharif Jun–Jul 40–60 30 × 20 cm 5.5–7.0 Flooded 22–32 Cuttings 25–40 t Leaf beetle, white rust
    Water Lily Aquatic Perennial Mar–Apr 3–4 mo 150 × 150 cm 6.0–7.5 Ponded 18–32 Rhizomes Ornamental Aphid, leaf spot
    Makhana (Foxnut) Aquatic Kharif Dec–Feb 150–180 125 × 125 cm 6.0–7.5 Ponded 60–90 cm 20–35 80–100 kg 1.5–2.5 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Water Chestnut Aquatic Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 150 × 150 cm 6.5–7.5 Ponded 50–100 cm 20–32 150–200 kg 6–10 t Leaf beetle, aphid
    Lotus Root Aquatic Kharif Mar–Apr 150–210 200 × 150 cm 6.0–7.5 Ponded 40–80 cm 20–32 Rhizomes 15–25 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Arrowhead Aquatic Kharif Apr–May 120–150 45 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 Ponded 15–30 cm 18–30 Corms 8–12 t Leaf beetle, rot
    Cattail Aquatic Perennial Mar–Apr 12–18 mo 60 × 60 cm 5.5–7.5 Marshy 15–32 Rhizomes 20–30 t Borer, leaf spot
    Giant Swamp Taro Aquatic Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 150 × 150 cm 5.5–7.0 Marshy 22–32 Suckers 20–35 t Leaf blight, corm rot
    Lotus Aquatic Kharif Mar–Apr 5–7 mo 200 × 150 cm 6.0–7.5 Ponded 40–80 cm 20–32 Rhizomes 2–3 lakh blooms Leaf spot, aphid
    Chestnut Nut Perennial Jan–Feb 5–7 yr 10 × 10 m 5.0–6.5 800–1200 10–24 Nursery 2–3 t Blight, weevil
    Macadamia Nut Perennial Jun–Jul 5–7 yr 8 × 6 m 5.0–6.5 1000–1500 16–30 Nursery 2.5–4 t Nut borer, husk spot
    Grapefruit Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–7.5 900–1200 15–35 Nursery 20–30 t Citrus canker, leaf miner
    Pomelo Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 4–5 yr 8 × 8 m 5.5–7.0 1000–1400 18–35 Nursery 20–30 t Citrus canker, fruit fly
    Citron Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–7.5 800–1100 18–32 Nursery 15–25 t Canker, leaf miner
    Kumquat Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 3 × 3 m 5.5–6.5 700–1000 12–30 Nursery 8–14 t Leaf miner, scale
    Rangpur Lime Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–7.5 800–1100 18–35 Nursery 20–28 t Canker, tristeza
    Sweet Lime (Mosambi) Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–7.5 900–1200 18–35 Nursery 20–30 t Canker, leaf miner
    Bergamot Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–7.0 800–1100 15–30 Nursery 12–20 t Canker, scale
    Yuzu Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 4–6 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–6.5 900–1300 5–28 Nursery 10–18 t Canker, scab
    Calamondin Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 2–3 yr 4 × 4 m 5.5–6.5 800–1100 18–32 Nursery 12–20 t Leaf miner, scale
    Finger Lime Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 4–5 yr 4 × 3 m 5.5–6.5 700–1000 12–32 Nursery 5–10 t Scale, canker
    Acid Lime Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–7.5 800–1200 20–38 Nursery 15–25 t Canker, leaf miner
    Kaffir Lime Citrus Perennial Jul–Aug 3–4 yr 4 × 4 m 5.5–7.0 900–1300 20–32 Nursery 10–15 t Leaf miner, canker
    Raspberry Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2 yr 250 × 50 cm 5.5–6.5 700–1000 10–24 Canes 6–10 t Cane blight, spider mite
    Blackberry Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2 yr 250 × 100 cm 5.5–7.0 700–1000 10–26 Canes 8–14 t Cane blight, fruit fly
    Blueberry Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 3–4 yr 300 × 120 cm 4.0–5.5 800–1100 5–25 Nursery 6–10 t Mummy berry, fruit fly
    Cranberry Berry Perennial Apr–May 3–4 yr 30 × 30 cm 4.0–5.5 Flooded beds 5–22 Cuttings 15–25 t Fruit rot, fireworm
    Gooseberry Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2–3 yr 180 × 150 cm 5.5–7.0 600–900 5–24 Nursery 6–10 t Powdery mildew, sawfly
    Blackcurrant Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2–3 yr 180 × 120 cm 6.0–6.8 600–900 5–24 Nursery 5–9 t Gall mite, leaf spot
    Redcurrant Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2–3 yr 180 × 120 cm 6.0–7.0 600–900 5–24 Nursery 5–8 t Aphid, leaf spot
    Elderberry Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2–3 yr 300 × 180 cm 5.5–7.5 700–1000 5–26 Cuttings 8–14 t Aphid, borer
    Boysenberry Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2 yr 250 × 150 cm 5.5–7.0 700–1000 10–26 Canes 8–12 t Cane blight, fruit fly
    Loganberry Berry Perennial Jan–Feb 2 yr 250 × 150 cm 5.5–7.0 700–1000 10–26 Canes 7–11 t Cane blight, aphid
    Cape Gooseberry Berry Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 90 × 60 cm 5.5–7.5 500–750 13–28 0.3–0.5 kg 12–20 t Fruit borer, leaf spot
    Anise Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 30 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 12–25 8–10 kg 0.7–1 t Aphid, blight
    Star Anise Spice Perennial Jun–Jul 6–8 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–6.5 1500–2500 15–28 Nursery 1.5–3 t Leaf spot, borer
    Celery Seed Spice Rabi Sep–Oct 140–170 45 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 12–22 1–2 kg 0.8–1.2 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Nigella (Kalonji) Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 130–150 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 250–400 10–25 8–10 kg 0.6–1 t Aphid, root rot
    Caraway Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 150–180 30 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 8–22 8–10 kg 0.6–1 t Aphid, blight
    Long Pepper (Pippali) Spice Perennial Jun–Jul 2–3 yr 150 × 60 cm 5.5–7.0 1500–2500 20–32 Cuttings 0.8–1.5 t Leaf spot, mealybug
    Cubeb Spice Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 250 × 250 cm 5.5–6.5 1800–2500 20–30 Cuttings 0.6–1 t Leaf spot, borer
    Galangal Spice Kharif May–Jun 9–10 mo 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 1500–2000 20–32 1500–2000 kg 12–18 t Rhizome rot, shoot borer
    Zedoary Spice Kharif May–Jun 8–9 mo 30 × 25 cm 5.5–7.0 1200–1800 20–32 1500–2000 kg 10–15 t Rhizome rot, leaf spot
    Mango Ginger Spice Kharif May–Jun 8–9 mo 30 × 25 cm 5.5–7.0 1200–1800 20–32 1500–2000 kg 12–18 t Rhizome rot, shoot borer
    Asafoetida (Hing) Spice Perennial Sep–Oct 4–5 yr 90 × 60 cm 6.5–7.5 250–400 10–25 4–6 kg 0.05–0.1 t Root rot, aphid
    Allspice Spice Perennial Jun–Jul 5–7 yr 7 × 7 m 5.5–7.0 1200–2000 20–32 Nursery 1–2 t Leaf rust, scale
    Poppy Seed Spice Rabi Oct–Nov 120–150 30 × 20 cm 6.5–7.5 350–500 10–25 6–8 kg 0.6–1 t Downy mildew, aphid
    Bay Leaf (Tejpat) Spice Perennial Jun–Jul 5–7 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–7.0 1200–2000 15–30 Nursery 2–4 t Leaf spot, scale
    Saffron Spice Rabi Aug–Sep 90–110 20 × 10 cm 6.0–8.0 300–450 10–22 6–8 t corms 3–5 kg Corm rot, mite
    Cinchona Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 2 × 2 m 4.5–6.0 1800–3000 15–25 Nursery 2–4 t Root rot, leaf spot
    Pyrethrum Plantation Perennial Sep–Oct 2–3 yr 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 800–1200 10–22 Splits 0.8–1.5 t Aphid, root rot
    Citronella Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 6–8 mo 60 × 45 cm 5.5–7.5 1000–1500 20–32 Slips 20–30 t Leaf blight, mite
    Palmarosa Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 5–6 mo 60 × 45 cm 6.0–8.0 700–1000 20–35 4–5 kg 15–25 t Leaf blight, mite
    Sago Palm Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 8 × 8 m 4.5–6.5 2000–3000 22–32 Suckers 15–25 t Weevil, leaf spot
    Rattan Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 7–10 yr 4 × 4 m 4.5–6.5 2000–3000 22–32 Nursery 2–4 t Borer, leaf spot
    Betel Vine Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 6–8 mo 60 × 30 cm 6.5–7.5 1500–2000 20–32 Cuttings 50–60 lakh leaves Foot rot, leaf spot
    Palmyra Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 12–15 yr 10 × 10 m 6.0–8.0 500–1200 20–40 Seed nuts Neera + fibre Rhinoceros beetle, leaf rot
    Bamboo Plantation Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 yr 5 × 5 m 5.0–7.0 1000–2000 18–35 Rhizomes 8–15 t Shoot borer, witches broom
    Kapok Fibre Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 yr 8 × 8 m 5.5–7.5 1000–1500 20–35 Nursery 0.4–0.8 t Stainer bug, leaf spot
    Abaca Fibre Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 3 × 2 m 5.0–6.5 1800–2500 22–32 Suckers 2–3 t Bunchy top, weevil
    Roselle Fibre Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 500–800 20–32 20–25 kg 2–3 t Stem rot, mealybug
    Sansevieria Fibre Perennial Jun–Jul 2–3 yr 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 500–800 18–35 Suckers 2–4 t Leaf spot, mealybug
    Agave Fibre Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 yr 2 × 1 m 6.0–8.0 400–800 18–38 Suckers 2–4 t fibre Weevil, leaf spot
    Sisal Fibre Perennial Jun–Jul 3–5 yr 2 × 1 m 6.0–8.0 500–900 20–38 Bulbils 2–3 t fibre Weevil, zebra disease
    Flax Fibre Rabi Oct–Nov 110–130 20 cm rows 5.5–7.0 350–500 10–25 80–100 kg 1.5–2.5 t fibre Rust, wilt
    Ramie Fibre Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 mo 60 × 30 cm 5.5–6.5 1200–1800 20–32 Rhizomes 2.5–4 t fibre Leaf spot, root rot
    Coir Fibre Perennial Jun–Jul 6–8 yr 7.5 × 7.5 m 5.5–7.5 1200–2000 22–35 Seed nuts 0.8–1.2 t fibre Rhinoceros beetle, wilt
    Hemp (Fibre) Fibre Kharif Jun–Jul 100–120 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 15–27 40–50 kg 6–9 t stalk Grey mould, borer
    Lily Flower Rabi Oct–Nov 90–120 20 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 12–24 Bulbs 1–2 lakh stems Botrytis, aphid
    Bougainvillea Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 12–18 mo 200 × 200 cm 5.5–7.5 500–800 15–35 Cuttings Ornamental Mealybug, leaf spot
    Canna Flower Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 18–32 Rhizomes Ornamental Leaf roller, rust
    Dahlia Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 100–130 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.0 500–700 12–24 Tubers 1.5–2 lakh blooms Thrips, virus
    Zinnia Flower Kharif · Rabi Jun–Jul, Oct 60–75 30 × 30 cm 5.5–7.5 400–600 18–30 2–3 kg 4–6 lakh blooms Powdery mildew, leaf spot
    Cosmos Flower Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 18–30 2–3 kg Ornamental Aphid, powdery mildew
    Petunia Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 70–90 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 13–25 0.2–0.3 kg Ornamental Aphid, botrytis
    Impatiens Flower Kharif Jun–Jul 60–80 30 × 25 cm 5.5–6.5 600–900 18–28 0.2–0.3 kg Ornamental Downy mildew, mite
    Begonia Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 90–120 25 × 25 cm 5.5–6.5 Misted 16–26 Tissue plants Ornamental Powdery mildew, thrips
    Pansy Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 70–90 25 × 20 cm 5.5–6.5 400–550 10–20 0.3–0.5 kg Ornamental Aphid, leaf spot
    Nasturtium Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 55–70 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 13–24 8–10 kg Ornamental Aphid, leaf miner
    Sweet Pea Flower Rabi Oct–Nov 90–120 45 × 20 cm 6.5–7.5 400–600 10–20 40–50 kg Ornamental Powdery mildew, aphid
    Snapdragon Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 90–120 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 450–650 10–22 0.2–0.3 kg 2–3 lakh spikes Rust, aphid
    Stock Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 90–110 30 × 25 cm 6.5–7.5 400–600 10–20 0.3–0.4 kg Ornamental Downy mildew, aphid
    Alyssum Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 60–75 20 × 15 cm 6.0–7.5 300–450 10–24 0.2–0.3 kg Ornamental Aphid, downy mildew
    Verbena Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 70–90 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 400–550 15–28 0.2–0.3 kg Ornamental Powdery mildew, thrips
    Salvia Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 80–100 30 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 15–28 0.2–0.3 kg Ornamental Whitefly, root rot
    Celosia Flower Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 400–600 18–30 0.3–0.5 kg 3–5 lakh spikes Leaf spot, aphid
    Gomphrena Flower Kharif Jun–Jul 75–95 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 18–32 0.3–0.5 kg Ornamental Leaf spot, aphid
    Helichrysum Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 90–110 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.5 350–500 13–26 0.2–0.3 kg Ornamental Aphid, downy mildew
    Statice Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 110–130 30 × 25 cm 6.5–7.5 350–500 13–26 0.3–0.4 kg 2–3 lakh stems Botrytis, aphid
    China Aster Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 90–120 30 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 15–25 0.4–0.5 kg 3–4 lakh blooms Wilt, aphid
    Gypsophila Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 100–120 40 × 30 cm 6.5–7.5 400–550 10–24 Cuttings 1.5–2 lakh stems Botrytis, root rot
    Alstroemeria Flower Perennial Sep–Oct 10–12 mo 40 × 30 cm 6.0–6.8 500–700 13–22 Rhizomes 100–150 stems/m² Botrytis, thrips
    Iris Flower Rabi Sep–Oct 90–120 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.5 450–650 10–24 Rhizomes Ornamental Rhizome rot, thrips
    Heliconia Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 12–18 mo 200 × 150 cm 5.5–6.5 1500–2500 20–32 Rhizomes 15–25 stems/clump Root rot, mealybug
    Bird of Paradise Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 200 × 150 cm 6.0–7.5 800–1200 18–30 Suckers 8–12 stems/plant Scale, root rot
    Plumeria Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 2–3 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–7.5 600–900 18–35 Cuttings Ornamental Rust, stem rot
    Ixora Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 120 × 90 cm 5.5–6.5 800–1200 20–32 Cuttings Ornamental Scale, leaf spot
    Vinca (Periwinkle) Flower Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 30 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 400–600 20–32 0.3–0.5 kg Ornamental Dieback, aphid
    Coleus Flower Kharif Jun–Jul 60–90 30 × 25 cm 6.0–7.0 500–750 18–30 Cuttings Ornamental Downy mildew, mealybug
    Tulip Flower Rabi Oct–Nov 70–90 20 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 5–18 Bulbs 1–1.5 lakh stems Botrytis, bulb rot
    Hyacinth Flower Rabi Oct–Nov 80–100 20 × 15 cm 6.0–7.0 350–500 5–18 Bulbs 1–1.5 lakh stems Bulb rot, aphid
    Torch Ginger Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 200 × 150 cm 5.5–6.5 1800–2500 22–32 Rhizomes 10–20 stems/clump Root rot, mealybug
    Crossandra Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 4–5 mo 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 20–32 Cuttings 8–12 t blooms Nematode, wilt
    Hibiscus Flower Perennial Jun–Jul 12–18 mo 150 × 100 cm 6.0–7.0 800–1200 20–35 Cuttings Ornamental Mealybug, leaf spot
    Sarpagandha Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 18–30 mo 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 1000–1500 20–32 5–6 kg 1.5–2.5 t Root rot, leaf spot
    Haritaki Medicinal Perennial Jul–Aug 8–10 yr 8 × 8 m 5.5–7.5 1000–1500 20–35 Nursery 1.5–3 t Leaf spot, borer
    Bibhitaki Medicinal Perennial Jul–Aug 8–10 yr 10 × 10 m 5.5–7.5 900–1400 20–35 Nursery 2–4 t Leaf spot, borer
    Guduchi (Giloy) Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 12–18 mo 200 × 200 cm 6.0–7.5 800–1200 20–35 Cuttings 3–5 t Leaf spot, mealybug
    Shankhapushpi Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 120–150 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.5 500–700 18–32 3–4 kg 1.5–2.5 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Jatamansi Medicinal Perennial Apr–May 2–3 yr 30 × 20 cm 5.5–6.5 800–1200 5–20 Rhizomes 1–1.5 t Root rot, aphid
    Vacha Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 10–12 mo 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.0 Marshy 18–30 Rhizomes 3–5 t Rhizome rot, leaf spot
    Chitrak Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 20–32 Cuttings 2–3 t Root rot, mealybug
    Manjishtha Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 2–3 yr 100 × 60 cm 6.0–7.5 900–1400 15–28 Cuttings 2–3 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Vidanga Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 3–4 yr 300 × 300 cm 5.5–7.0 1200–2000 20–32 Nursery 0.8–1.5 t Leaf spot, borer
    Bilva (Bael) Medicinal Perennial Jul–Aug 5–7 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–8.0 600–1000 20–38 Nursery 10–15 t Fruit canker, borer
    Shatavari Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 18–24 mo 60 × 45 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 20–32 Crowns 8–12 t Root rot, aphid
    Gokshura Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 30 × 20 cm 6.5–8.0 300–500 22–35 5–6 kg 1–1.5 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Guggul Medicinal Perennial Jul–Aug 8–10 yr 3 × 3 m 6.5–8.5 250–450 20–40 Cuttings 0.3–0.6 t Stem borer, scale
    Mulethi (Liquorice) Medicinal Perennial Feb–Mar 3–4 yr 60 × 45 cm 6.0–8.2 400–600 15–30 Rhizomes 4–6 t Root rot, aphid
    Bhringraj Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 90–120 30 × 20 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 20–32 2–3 kg 8–12 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Gudmar Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 2–3 yr 200 × 150 cm 6.0–7.5 800–1200 20–32 Cuttings 1.5–2.5 t Leaf spot, mealybug
    Kutki Medicinal Perennial Apr–May 2–3 yr 30 × 20 cm 5.5–6.5 1000–1500 5–18 Rhizomes 0.8–1.2 t Root rot, leaf spot
    Nirgundi Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 12–18 mo 150 × 100 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 20–35 Cuttings 6–10 t Leaf spot, mealybug
    Bakuchi Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 45 × 30 cm 6.5–8.0 400–600 20–35 5–6 kg 1–1.5 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Vasaka Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 12–18 mo 90 × 60 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1100 20–32 Cuttings 8–12 t Leaf spot, mealybug
    Arjuna Medicinal Perennial Jul–Aug 8–10 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–8.0 900–1500 20–38 Nursery 2–4 t Leaf spot, borer
    Ashoka Medicinal Perennial Jul–Aug 6–8 yr 6 × 6 m 5.5–7.0 1200–2000 20–35 Nursery 1.5–3 t Leaf spot, scale
    Lodhra Medicinal Perennial Jul–Aug 6–8 yr 5 × 5 m 5.5–7.0 1200–2000 18–32 Nursery 1.5–2.5 t Leaf spot, borer
    Kaunch Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 75 × 30 cm 5.0–6.5 600–900 20–30 20–25 kg 1–1.5 t Pod borer, leaf spot
    Pushkarmool Medicinal Perennial Apr–May 2 yr 45 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 700–1000 10–24 Rhizomes 1.5–2.5 t Root rot, aphid
    Daruharidra Medicinal Perennial Feb–Mar 4–5 yr 150 × 100 cm 5.5–7.0 800–1200 10–25 Nursery 2–3 t Leaf spot, rust
    Neem Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 5–8 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–8.5 400–1000 20–40 Nursery 2–4 t Scale, dieback
    Brahmi Medicinal Perennial Jun–Jul 4–6 mo 30 × 20 cm 5.5–7.0 Marshy 20–32 Cuttings 10–15 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Kalmegh Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 120–150 30 × 20 cm 5.5–7.5 600–900 20–32 2–3 kg 2–3 t Leaf spot, wilt
    Periwinkle Medicinal Kharif Jun–Jul 150–180 45 × 30 cm 5.5–7.5 500–800 20–32 2–3 kg 3–4 t Dieback, aphid
    Stylo Fodder Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 45 × 30 cm 5.0–7.0 600–900 20–32 5–6 kg 25–35 t Anthracnose, stem borer
    Hedge Lucerne Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 75–90 50 × 30 cm 6.0–7.5 600–900 20–35 10–12 kg 80–100 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Dhaincha Fodder Kharif Jun–Jul 45–60 30 × 15 cm 6.0–8.5 500–800 20–35 25–30 kg 20–25 t Stem borer, leaf spot
    Para Grass Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60–75 50 × 50 cm 5.5–7.5 Waterlogged 20–35 Slips 80–120 t Leaf blight, armyworm
    Rhodes Grass Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60–75 50 × 30 cm 5.5–8.0 600–900 20–32 3–4 kg 40–60 t Leaf blight, armyworm
    Buffel Grass Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60–80 50 × 50 cm 6.0–8.5 300–500 20–38 4–5 kg 30–45 t Leaf blight, smut
    Sudan Grass Fodder Kharif Jun–Jul 55–70 30 × 10 cm 6.0–7.5 400–600 20–35 25–30 kg 45–60 t Shoot fly, leaf spot
    Fodder Beet Fodder Rabi Oct–Nov 150–180 50 × 25 cm 6.0–7.5 500–700 10–24 6–8 kg 80–120 t Leaf spot, aphid
    Teosinte Fodder Kharif Jun–Jul 70–90 45 × 20 cm 5.5–7.5 500–750 20–35 30–40 kg 40–60 t Stem borer, leaf blight
    Bermuda Grass Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60–75 30 × 30 cm 5.5–8.0 500–800 20–35 Slips 25–40 t Leaf spot, armyworm
    Setaria Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60–75 50 × 30 cm 5.5–7.5 700–1000 18–32 3–4 kg 50–70 t Leaf blight, rust
    Signal Grass Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60–80 50 × 40 cm 4.5–7.0 800–1200 20–35 4–6 kg 40–60 t Spittlebug, leaf blight
    Guinea Grass Fodder Perennial Jun–Jul 60–75 60 × 40 cm 5.5–7.5 800–1200 20–35 2.5–3 kg 80–120 t Leaf blight, armyworm
    Dinanath Grass Fodder Kharif Jun–Jul 55–70 40 × 25 cm 6.0–7.5 500–800 20–35 4–5 kg 35–50 t Leaf blight, shoot fly
    Fodder Oats Fodder Rabi Oct–Nov 55–70 25 cm rows 5.5–7.0 350–500 10–25 80–100 kg 35–50 t green Rust, aphid
    Teak Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 20–60 yr 3 × 3 m 6.5–7.5 1200–2500 22–38 Stumps 5–8 m³/yr Teak defoliator, skeletoniser
    Sal Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 60–120 yr 3 × 3 m 5.5–7.0 1000–2000 20–38 Nursery 3–5 m³/yr Sal borer, heart rot
    Eucalyptus Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 6–10 yr 2 × 2 m 5.5–7.5 800–1500 18–35 Clones 15–25 m³/yr Gall wasp, termite
    Poplar Tree Perennial Jan–Feb 5–8 yr 5 × 4 m 6.0–8.0 900–1500 10–35 Entire plants 20–30 m³/yr Defoliator, stem borer
    Casuarina Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 4–7 yr 2 × 2 m 6.0–8.5 700–1200 20–38 Seedlings 20–30 m³/yr Blister bark, termite
    Mahogany Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 25–40 yr 4 × 4 m 5.5–7.5 1200–2500 20–35 Nursery 4–7 m³/yr Shoot borer, leaf spot
    Rosewood Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 40–60 yr 5 × 5 m 6.0–7.5 1000–2000 20–35 Nursery 3–5 m³/yr Stem borer, heart rot
    Sandalwood Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 15–30 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–7.5 600–1200 12–35 Nursery 0.5–1 t heartwood Spike disease, borer
    Red Sanders Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 25–40 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–7.5 500–900 20–38 Nursery 0.4–0.8 t heartwood Stem borer, root rot
    Deodar Tree Perennial Mar–Apr 60–100 yr 3 × 3 m 5.5–7.0 1000–1800 5–25 Nursery 3–5 m³/yr Bark beetle, root rot
    Chir Pine Tree Perennial Mar–Apr 40–60 yr 3 × 3 m 5.0–6.5 900–1600 10–30 Nursery 4–6 m³/yr Bark beetle, needle blight
    Oak Tree Perennial Mar–Apr 60–120 yr 4 × 4 m 5.5–7.0 1000–2000 5–28 Nursery 2–4 m³/yr Defoliator, powdery mildew
    Shisham Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 20–30 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–8.0 700–1300 15–38 Nursery 5–8 m³/yr Dieback, stem borer
    Gamhar Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 8–15 yr 3 × 3 m 5.5–7.5 900–1800 20–35 Nursery 10–15 m³/yr Defoliator, stem borer
    Kadam Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 10–15 yr 4 × 4 m 5.5–7.5 1000–2000 20–35 Nursery 10–14 m³/yr Stem borer, leaf spot
    Subabul Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 4–8 yr 2 × 2 m 6.0–8.0 700–1500 20–35 6–8 kg 12–20 m³/yr Psyllid, root rot
    Gliricidia Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 2–4 yr 2 × 1 m 5.5–7.5 800–1500 20–35 Cuttings 20–30 t green Leaf spot, stem borer
    Sesbania Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 1–3 yr 2 × 1 m 6.0–8.5 600–1200 20–38 10–12 kg 20–30 t green Stem borer, leaf spot
    Melia (Malabar Neem) Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 6–10 yr 3 × 3 m 6.0–7.5 800–1500 18–35 Nursery 12–18 m³/yr Shoot borer, leaf spot
    Ailanthus Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–8.0 500–1000 18–38 Nursery 10–15 m³/yr Defoliator, stem borer
    Albizia Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 12–20 yr 5 × 5 m 6.0–8.0 800–1500 18–35 Nursery 8–12 m³/yr Defoliator, heart rot
    Willow Tree Perennial Jan–Feb 5–8 yr 3 × 2 m 6.0–7.5 900–1600 5–30 Cuttings 12–18 m³/yr Rust, stem borer
    Alder Tree Perennial Mar–Apr 15–25 yr 3 × 3 m 5.0–7.0 1200–2500 10–28 Nursery 8–12 m³/yr Leaf beetle, canker
    Prosopis Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 10–20 yr 5 × 5 m 6.5–8.5 200–600 20–45 Nursery 4–8 m³/yr Stem borer, mistletoe
    Khair Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 15–25 yr 3 × 3 m 6.0–8.0 500–1200 20–40 Nursery 3–6 m³/yr Heart rot, borer
    Palash Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 10–15 yr 5 × 5 m 6.0–8.0 600–1200 20–38 Nursery Lac + gum Stem borer, leaf spot
    Semal Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 20–30 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 900–1800 20–38 Nursery 6–10 m³/yr Stainer bug, heart rot
    Gulmohar Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 6–10 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–7.5 700–1500 20–38 Nursery Ornamental Stem borer, leaf spot
    Jacaranda Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 6–10 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–7.5 700–1400 12–32 Nursery Ornamental Scale, leaf spot
    Amaltas Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 7 × 7 m 6.0–8.0 500–1200 20–38 Nursery Ornamental Defoliator, borer
    Peepal Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 20–40 yr 10 × 10 m 6.0–8.0 800–1800 15–40 Cuttings Fodder + shade Leaf spot, scale
    Banyan Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 25–50 yr 12 × 12 m 6.0–8.0 800–1800 18–40 Cuttings Fodder + shade Leaf spot, scale
    Gular Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 8 × 8 m 6.0–7.5 900–1800 18–38 Cuttings 20–30 t fodder Fig fly, leaf spot
    Kachnar Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 6–10 yr 6 × 6 m 6.0–7.5 700–1400 15–35 Nursery 6–10 t Leaf spot, borer
    Tun Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 15–25 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–7.5 1000–2000 15–32 Nursery 8–12 m³/yr Shoot borer, leaf spot
    Anjan Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 30–50 yr 5 × 5 m 6.5–8.0 500–1000 20–40 Nursery 2–4 m³/yr Heart rot, borer
    Hardwickia Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 30–50 yr 5 × 5 m 6.5–8.0 500–1000 20–42 Nursery 2–4 m³/yr Heart rot, borer
    Bakain Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 8–12 yr 4 × 4 m 6.0–8.0 600–1200 15–38 Nursery 10–15 m³/yr Shoot borer, leaf spot
    Erythrina Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 3–6 yr 3 × 3 m 5.5–7.5 900–1800 20–35 Cuttings 15–25 t green Stem borer, gall wasp
    Calliandra Tree Perennial Jun–Jul 2–4 yr 1 × 1 m 5.0–7.0 800–1500 20–32 3–4 kg 15–25 t green Leaf spot, aphid
    Tagasaste Tree Perennial Sep–Oct 2–4 yr 2 × 1 m 5.5–7.5 400–800 5–28 4–5 kg 10–18 t green Root rot, aphid
    Portobello Mushroom Year-round Any 35–45 Trays 30 cm 6.5–7.5 Composted 16–20 6–8 kg spawn/t 180–250 kg/t Green mould, mites
    Enoki Mushroom Year-round Any 55–70 Bottles 5.5–6.5 Sawdust 10–15 5–6 kg spawn/t 250–350 kg/t Bacterial blotch, mites
    Morel Mushroom Rabi Nov–Dec 90–150 Beds 30 cm 6.5–8.0 Moist beds 10–22 8–10 kg spawn/t 80–150 kg/t Cobweb mould, mites
    Milky Mushroom Mushroom Year-round Any 30–40 Bags 30 cm 6.5–7.5 Pasteurised straw 25–35 5–6 kg spawn/t 250–350 kg/t Green mould, fly
    Paddy Straw Mushroom Mushroom Kharif Jun–Sep 12–18 Beds 30 cm 6.5–7.5 Wet straw 28–35 5–7 kg spawn/t 100–150 kg/t Coprinus, mites
    King Oyster Mushroom Year-round Any 40–55 Bottles 5.5–6.5 Sawdust 14–18 5–6 kg spawn/t 300–400 kg/t Green mould, bacteria
    Shimeji Mushroom Year-round Any 50–65 Bottles 5.5–6.5 Sawdust 12–18 5–6 kg spawn/t 250–350 kg/t Green mould, mites
    Wood Ear Mushroom Year-round Any 45–60 Bags 30 cm 5.5–7.0 Sawdust 20–30 5–6 kg spawn/t 200–300 kg/t Green mould, mites
    Reishi Mushroom Year-round Any 90–120 Bags 30 cm 5.0–6.5 Hardwood 24–30 6–8 kg spawn/t 80–120 kg/t Trichoderma, mites
    Maitake Mushroom Year-round Any 70–100 Bags 30 cm 5.5–6.5 Hardwood 16–22 6–8 kg spawn/t 150–250 kg/t Green mould, bacteria
    Lion's Mane Mushroom Year-round Any 45–65 Bags 30 cm 5.0–6.5 Hardwood 18–24 5–6 kg spawn/t 200–300 kg/t Trichoderma, mites
    Cordyceps Mushroom Year-round Any 60–90 Jars 5.5–6.5 Grain media 18–22 Liquid culture 40–80 kg/t Bacteria, mould
    Turkey Tail Mushroom Year-round Any 60–90 Bags 30 cm 5.0–6.5 Hardwood 18–26 6–8 kg spawn/t 100–180 kg/t Trichoderma, mites
    Black Truffle Mushroom Perennial Feb–Mar 6–10 yr 5 × 4 m 7.5–8.3 600–900 5–30 Inoculated saplings 20–60 kg/ha Brûlé failure, rodents
    Button Mushroom Mushroom Rabi Oct–Feb 35–45 Trays 30 cm 6.5–7.5 Composted 16–20 6–8 kg spawn/t 180–250 kg/t Green mould, mites
    Oyster Mushroom Mushroom Year-round Any 25–35 Bags 30 cm 5.5–6.5 Pasteurised straw 20–30 5–6 kg spawn/t 500–700 kg/t Green mould, fly
    Shiitake Mushroom Year-round Any 70–120 Logs / bags 5.0–6.5 Hardwood 12–20 6–8 kg spawn/t 150–250 kg/t Trichoderma, mites

    Figures are planning ranges, not prescriptions. Confirm against your local KVK or state agricultural university before committing an acre to them.

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