100 types personality of Herbs: A Garden Guide for Enthusiasts

The Personality of Herbs: A Garden Guide for Enthusiasts

Herbs are more than just plants; they each have unique personalities that reflect their natural habitat, how they grow, and the best ways to use them in your home, kitchen, and for health. Understanding these traits allows you to design a garden that complements your environment and personal needs while learning the most effective ways to care for and use each plant. Let’s dive into some popular herbs and discover their personalities, from growing tips to culinary and medicinal uses.

1. Agastache: The Pollinator’s Paradise

Agastache species, such as Sunset Hyssop and Double Bubblegum Mint, are perennial plants that bring beauty to your garden and attract pollinators like hummingbirds and moths. These herbs not only add a splash of color but are also fantastic digestive aids.

• Growing Tips: Agastache prefers full sun and thrives in open areas with poorer soils like clay, gravel, or sand. They can be propagated from seeds sown in the late winter, with a moderate germination rate of 40-75%. These plants grow in clumps, so space them 12-15 inches apart.
• Culinary Uses: Their leaves and flowers offer a range of flavors, from minty to bubblegum, making them ideal for adding to fruit salads, ice cream, and even honey spreads.
• Medicinal Benefits: Known for aiding digestion and reducing fevers, you can create infusions or teas to soothe sore throats.

Tip: Harvest the upper third of the plant when it’s in bloom for the best flavor and potency.

2. Angelica: The Versatile Healer

Angelica, a biennial or short-lived perennial, is an excellent alternative to the endangered Osha plant. Often paired with herbs like rosemary, Angelica offers numerous health benefits.

• Growing Tips: Angelica prefers moist soil and partial shade, often growing near streams. It’s propagated through seeds that should be sown as soon as they ripen. Space the plants 15 inches apart and expect 30-50% germination.
• Culinary Uses: This herb is not only medicinal but also a great addition to sweet dishes. Its stalks can be crystallized and used as a garnish or flavoring agent.
• Medicinal Benefits: Angelica enhances circulation and acts as a mild expectorant. The roots and stalks can be used fresh or dried in decoctions, tinctures, and syrups.

Tip: Harvest first-year roots in late fall and second-year roots in early spring for the best medicinal properties.

3. Anise Hyssop: The Butterfly Magnet

Anise Hyssop is a perennial herb that not only draws in butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds but also looks stunning in any garden.

• Growing Tips: Anise Hyssop grows best in sunny areas with poorer soils, such as gravel or clay. Start seeds outdoors in late spring or in a greenhouse before transplanting. Provide moderate water and space the plants 15 inches apart.
• Culinary Uses: Its leaves and flowers make refreshing iced tea and can be used to add flavor to cream cheese spreads, fruit salads, or as a sweetener for pancakes.
• Medicinal Benefits: This herb supports digestion, helps lower fevers, and soothes respiratory tract irritation.

Tip: Harvest the flowering aerial parts for teas or tinctures when the plant is in bloom.

4. Basil: The Kitchen Essential

Basil is widely known for its culinary uses, from Italian pasta dishes to aromatic teas, but it also has significant medicinal properties.

• Growing Tips: Basil thrives in well-drained soil and full sun. Start seeds indoors 2-4 weeks before the last frost, and transplant when the weather warms. Pinch off the stem tips regularly to encourage bushy growth and prevent early blooming.
• Culinary Uses: Use basil to enhance the flavor of tomatoes, peppers, and other garden veggies. It’s also perfect for making pesto, garnishing salads, or adding to sauces.
• Medicinal Benefits: Basil aids in digestion and contributes to maintaining a healthy digestive tract.

Tip: Pinch off the flowers to keep the plant productive and extend its growing season.

5. Astragalus: The Immune Booster

A lesser-known herb in Western gardens, Astragalus is highly regarded in traditional Chinese medicine for its immune-boosting properties.

• Growing Tips: Astragalus prefers full sun and well-worked soil. Seeds need to be stratified (chilled) for about three weeks before sowing. Space plants 15 inches apart, and harvest roots after the third year.
• Medicinal Benefits: Astragalus roots are used to enhance the immune system. They can be simmered into soups for an added health boost or made into tinctures, syrups, and powders for regular use.

Tip: Harvest Astragalus roots in the fall for the best medicinal potency.

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Summary for Social Media (Instagram Reels/Infographics)

• Agastache: Attract pollinators; use leaves in teas and salads; aids digestion.
• Angelica: Grows near water; aids circulation; roots and stalks used in tinctures.
• Anise Hyssop: Grows in poor soil; used in iced tea and honey; supports respiratory health.
• Basil: Full sun; culinary star; supports digestive health.
• Astragalus: Immune system booster; roots used in soups and decoctions.

These herbs not only enhance your garden but also provide a multitude of benefits in the kitchen and home pharmacy. Whether you’re looking to attract pollinators, spice up your dishes, or support your health, these herbs are your perfect garden companions.

The text provides detailed information on several herbs, including their harvesting techniques, culinary uses, medicinal benefits, and home pharmacy applications. Here’s a summary of the key points for each herb:

Basil

• Harvesting: Pinch aerial parts by hand or use scissors. Ready for harvest in 1-2 weeks.
• Culinary Use: Essential for Italian cuisine, great in pasta sauces, pesto, pizza, and grilled cheese.
• Medicinal Benefits: Supports digestion.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Tinctures, infused oil, honey.

Borage

• Harvesting: Harvest seed capsules when fully dry. Dry them before storing the seeds.
• Culinary Use: Seeds are great in muffins, breads, salads, and cereals.
• Crafting: Dried seed pods work well in floral arrangements and wreaths.
• Medicinal Benefits: Supports skin health and helps with gastrointestinal concerns.
• Parts Used: Flowers, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, tincture, salve, creams, insect repellent, and sunburn spray.

Breadseed Poppy

• Harvesting: Sow seeds in mid-spring. The flowers bloom throughout the summer.
• Culinary Use: Poppy seeds are used in baking, like muffins or bread.
• Medicinal Benefits: Pain relief, stress reduction, and sleep aid.
• Parts Used: Whole plant, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, tincture, ointment, salve, infused oil, honey.

Calendula

• Harvesting: Pick flowers when fully opened for best medicinal use. Deadheading promotes blooming.
• Culinary Use: Edible flowers for food coloring in soups and cream cheese spreads.
• Medicinal Benefits: Known for skin healing and calming properties.
• Parts Used: Flowers.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusions, tinctures, creams, oils, sunburn relief, insect repellent.

Catmint

• Harvesting: Harvest the upper third of the plant while in bloom.
• Culinary Use: Add to pesto for a spicy twist.
• Medicinal Benefits: Helps with stress relief, digestion, and cold symptoms.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusions, tinctures, creams, and infused oils.
• Crafting: Use dried catnip in homemade cat toys.

Each herb has unique uses, both in the kitchen and for home remedies, making them versatile additions to a garden or pantry.

Cayenne (Capsicum species)

• Family: Solanaceae (nightshade family).
• Caution: Don’t eat leaves, stems, or flowers—they can be toxic.
• Height: Up to 24 inches (60 cm).
• Bloom traits: White star-shaped flowers, green fruits turning red upon maturity.
• Growing: Likes hot, dry conditions, long summers, full sun, and prefers dryish soil.
• Propagation: Start seeds indoors in late winter/early spring; transplant when frost danger is over.
• Harvest: Pick bright red chilies in late summer/early fall; use gloves.
• Uses: Culinary (spice, seasoning), medicinal (heart, circulatory health, pain relief).

Chamomile (Matricaria recutita, Chamaemelum nobile)

• Varieties: German chamomile (annual), Roman chamomile (perennial).
• Height: German up to 24 inches (60 cm), Roman 8–10 inches (20–25 cm).
• Bloom traits: Daisylike flowers, blooming from June through frost.
• Growing: Full sun/partial shade, prefers well-drained soil.
• Propagation: German is grown from seed; Roman spreads by roots.
• Harvest: Pick flowers or flowering tops; use snips or special tools.
• Uses: Medicinal (calming, digestive, anti-inflammatory), decorative (cakes, salads, tea).

Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus)

• Common Name: Monk’s pepper.
• Height: 2–10 feet (0.6–3.0 m).
• Bloom traits: Lavender flower spikes in mid-late summer.
• Growing: Likes hot, humid climates; dies back in winter in cooler areas.
• Propagation: Stratify and scarify seeds; moderate watering.
• Uses: Medicinal (tonic for male and female reproductive systems), berries used in tinctures and syrups.

Chives (Allium schoenoprasum)

Uses: Culinary (fresh chives are great in scrambled eggs, cheese sandwiches), flowers are edible and decorative. Dried chives lack the same flavor.

Family: Amaryllidaceae (onion family).

Height: 12 inches (30 cm).

Bloom traits: Pink flowers from mid-spring throughout summer and early fall.

Growing: Prefers full sun; flexible, adaptable to many garden spots.

Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) (cont.)

• Propagation/Maintenance: Easiest grown from seed; no special treatment needed. Sow directly in garden soil or indoors in early spring. Germination occurs in about 2 weeks. Can also be propagated by root division.
• Spacing: 12 inches (30 cm) apart in clumps.
• Harvesting: Cut aerial parts (leaves/flowers) with scissors or snips without uprooting the plant.
• Uses: Fresh chives in eggs, salads, soups. Flowers add mild onion flavor to dishes.

Cilantro/Coriander (Coriandrum sativum)

• Ethnic Names: Coriandre (French), coriandolo (Italian), Koriander (German).
• Height: 10–12 inches (25–30 cm).
• Bloom Traits: Small white flowers appear when the plant bolts (goes to seed).
• Growing Conditions: Prefers cooler parts of the season and moist gardens. It does not tolerate hot temperatures well.
• Propagation: Sow seeds outdoors in early to mid-spring, or late summer for a fall crop. Does not germinate well in summer heat. Space plants 8–10 inches (20–25 cm) apart, water moderately to heavily.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun to partial shade.
• Harvesting: Harvest leaves before flowering with snips. Handpick seeds when they turn golden brown.
• Uses: Cilantro leaves for salsas, sandwiches; coriander seeds for spice and baking. Good for digestive health.

Clary Sage (Salvia sclarea)

• Height: 3 feet (0.9 m).
• Bloom Traits: Lavender, pink, or white flowers bloom from midsummer through late summer.
• Growing Conditions: Prefers hot and dry Mediterranean climates.
• Propagation: Sow indoors in spring or directly outdoors in mid-spring. Germination is 60–70%.
• Spacing: 24 inches (60 cm) apart.
• Uses: Essential oil, medicinal benefits for women’s health, fragrance fixative, relaxing component in massage oils. Used in ointments, salves, creams, and tinctures.

Comfrey (Symphytum × uplandicum)

• Height: 3 to 4 feet (0.9–1.2 m).
• Bloom Traits: Lilac-rose flowers that fade to purple, violet, or blue.
• Growing Conditions: Prefers moist soil and partial shade. Ideal for planting near streams or ponds.
• Propagation: Propagated by root divisions as it is a sterile plant.
• Harvesting: Harvest leaves with snips throughout the season. Roots can also be harvested in spring or fall, but digging them may cause the plant to spread.
• Uses: Known for muscle and bone support, healing topical wounds. Leaves and roots are used in salves, ointments, and creams.

Let me know if you’d like more detailed information about any specific plant or usage!

Costmary (Tanacetum balsamita)

• Personality: Perennial, herbaceous (Zones 4–8)
• Height: 12 to 24 inches (30–60 cm)
• Bloom Traits: White flowers from early summer to fall
• Propagation/Maintenance: Germinates easily from seed. Transplant to garden in mid-to-late spring. Space 2-3 feet (0.6–0.9 m) apart.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun to partial shade, adaptable to well-drained soil.
• Harvesting: Harvest aerial parts with scissors.
• Culinary Use: Add young leaves to salads for a spicy, balsamic taste.
• Medicinal Benefits: Astringent for skin.
• Parts Used: Leaves, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Skin wash, liniment, ointment, cream, bath herb, foot soak.

Coyote Mint (Monardella odoratissima)

• Personality: Perennial, herbaceous (Zones 6–9)
• Height: 10 to 12 inches (25–30 cm)
• Bloom Traits: Pale lavender flowers in early to mid-summer.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Grow from seed or cuttings. Seeds stratified for 3 months. Space 12–15 inches (30–38 cm) apart.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun, prefers soil that isn’t rich or moist.
• Harvesting: Cut aerial parts in mid- to late summer.
• Culinary Use: Coyote mint honey is excellent.
• Medicinal Benefits: Soothes symptoms of winter illnesses, respiratory and digestive issues.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, tincture, syrup, elixir, foot soak, bath herb, infused oil.

Cutting Celery (Apium graveolens)

• Personality: Biennial, herbaceous (Zones 5–9)
• Height: 12 to 15 inches (30–38 cm)
• Bloom Traits: White flower clusters in the second year.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Grown from seed. Sow outdoors in early spring or start indoors. Space 12 inches (30 cm) apart.
• Sun/Soil: Partial to full shade, prefers moderately rich soil.
• Companion Planting: Grows well with sorrel, watercress, and horseradish.
• Harvesting: Harvest aerial parts with scissors.
• Culinary Use: Adds flavor to soups, stews, salads, and deviled eggs. Use in recipes calling for chopped celery.
• Medicinal Benefits: Digestive aid.

Dill (Anethum graveolens)

• Personality: Annual, herbaceous.
• Height: 3 to 5 feet (0.9–1.5 m)
• Bloom Traits: Large yellow flower umbels in mid- to late summer.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Grows easily from seed. Space 10 to 12 inches (25–30 cm) apart.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun, prefers well-drained soil.
• Harvesting: Harvest seeds and leaves in mid-July to late August.
• Culinary Use: Great in potato salad, ham soup, herb butter, and bread.
• Medicinal Benefits: Helps with digestive discomfort.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, tincture, syrup, honey.

Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia, E. pallida, E. purpurea)

• Personality: Perennial, herbaceous (Zones 3–9)
• Height: E. angustifolia (2 feet), E. pallida (2–3 feet), E. purpurea (3–4 feet).
• Bloom Traits: Pinkish purple flowers in mid- to late summer.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Grows from seeds, requires stratification. Space 12 inches apart.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun, poorer soil for E. angustifolia and E. pallida, richer soil for E. purpurea.
• Harvesting: Harvest roots and aerial parts in the second growing season.
• Medicinal Benefits: Immune support, good for colds, flu, respiratory and skin issues.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, tincture, syrup, ointment, bath herb, honey.

These herbs not only offer unique culinary benefits but also serve various medicinal purposes, making them valuable additions to any garden or home pharmacy.

time in early to mid-spring. Germination is typically around 80 percent, and seedlings should emerge within 1 to 2 weeks. Space plants 12 to 18 inches (30–45 cm) apart. Fennel can grow in clumps and does best in full sun with moderate water. Be aware that fennel can become invasive in some climates, so monitoring its growth and spread is important.

SUN/SOIL: Full sun; prefers well-drained, slightly sandy soil.

HARVESTING: Harvest fennel seeds when they turn brown, cutting the seed heads and drying them thoroughly before storing. The bulb, leaves, and seeds can all be harvested at different stages.

CULINARY USE: Fennel is often used in Mediterranean cuisine. The seeds are excellent in baking and cooking, especially in breads, meat dishes, and stews. Fennel bulbs can be eaten raw in salads or cooked for a sweet, anise-like flavor.

MEDICINAL BENEFITS: Fennel is excellent for digestive issues, such as bloating and gas. It is also a mild expectorant, helping to relieve coughs and respiratory discomfort.

PARTS USED: Seeds, bulbs, and leaves, fresh or dried.

HOME PHARMACY USES: Infusion, traditional tincture, syrup, lozenge, medicinal food, honey, digestive tea.

CRAFTING: Fennel seeds are a nice addition to sachets and potpourri, imparting a sweet, licorice-like fragrance

Here’s a breakdown of each herb you’ve shared, highlighting their uses, growing preferences, and medicinal benefits:

1. Epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides)

• Personality: Annual or short-lived perennial
• Height: 12 to 15 inches (30–38 cm)
• Sun/Soil: Full sun, tolerates dry, disturbed soil
• Uses:
  • Culinary: Used in beans, burritos, imparting a unique flavor.
  • Medicinal: Known for treating parasites; avoid during pregnancy.

2. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus species)

• Personality: Tender perennial, woody
• Height: Varies with species
• Sun/Soil: Full sun to partial shade; prefers sandy, loamy soils
• Uses:
  • Medicinal: Treats respiratory issues, used in topical treatments for inflammation.
  • Crafting: Great for wreaths and floral arrangements.

3. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)

• Personality: Perennial, herbaceous
• Height: 4 to 5 feet (1.2–1.5 m)
• Sun/Soil: Full sun; prefers well-drained, organic soil
• Uses:
  • Culinary: Adds licorice flavor, used in salads, sausage, soups.
  • Medicinal: Supports digestion, respiratory health, promotes lactation.

4. Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium)

• Personality: Perennial, herbaceous to semi-woody
• Height: 24 inches (60 cm)
• Sun/Soil: Full sun, partial shade; prefers loamy soil
• Uses:
  • Medicinal: Renowned for treating migraines and headaches.
  • Culinary: Can be eaten fresh in small quantities, such as in a sandwich.

5. Garlic (Allium sativum)

• Personality: Perennial or biennial
• Height: 15 to 24 inches (38–60 cm)
• Sun/Soil: Full sun; prefers well-drained, organic-rich soil
• Uses:
  • Culinary: Staple in savory dishes.
  • Medicinal: Antimicrobial properties, supports heart and circulatory health.

6. Garlic Chives (Allium tuberosum)

• Personality: Perennial, herbaceous
• Height: 12 to 15 inches (30–38 cm)
• Sun/Soil: Full sun to partial shade; well-drained soil
• Uses:
  • Culinary: Milder than garlic, stronger than regular chives, used in stir-fries, soups, and salads.

7. Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

• Personality: Perennial, herbaceous
• Height: 3 to 4 feet (0.9–1.2 m)
• Sun/Soil: Shade to partial shade; prefers rich, moist soil
• Uses:
  • Culinary: Fresh ginger adds zest to vegetables and rice dishes; dried ginger used in baking.
  • Medicinal: Aids in digestion, circulation, and has anti-inflammatory properties. Treats nausea, fevers, and headaches.

8. Goldenrod (Solidago species)

• Personality: Perennial, herbaceous
• Height: 2 to 4 feet (0.6–0.9 m)
• Sun/Soil: Full sun; tolerates a variety of soil conditions
• Uses:
  • Medicinal: Helps with urinary and respiratory conditions. Native Americans traditionally used it for toothaches, fever, and coughs.
  • Crafting: Used to create yellow dyes.

Would you like more details on any of these plants or additional information?

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) is a perennial herb native to North America, especially valued for its medicinal uses. In the United States, it is classified as an at-risk plant by CITES due to overharvesting, especially for domestic use, despite strict regulations on export sales. Efforts by groups like United Plant Savers aim to encourage cultivation and protect wild populations. Goldenseal thrives in the upper Midwest and northeastern North America, preferring dense shade and moist, humusy soil.

Growing Characteristics:

• Zones: 3–9
• Height: 10 to 15 inches (25–38 cm)
• Bloom Traits: Greenish-white flowers in spring; bright red berries later in summer
• Sun/Soil Needs: Dense shade, partial shade; rich, humusy soil, composted hardwood leaves

Propagation & Maintenance:

Goldenseal is typically propagated by root divisions in the fall, though it can also be grown from seeds. Stratification of seeds in moist sand for several weeks helps germination. Seedlings should be grown in shaded beds for a year before transplanting.

• Watering Needs: Moderate watering required
• Spacing: 8 to 10 inches (20–25 cm)

Harvesting:

Rhizomes are harvested after 4 to 6 years, preferably in the fall. Care must be taken to allow seed propagation first.

Medicinal Benefits & Uses:

Goldenseal is traditionally used for acute respiratory and winter illnesses, as well as certain skin conditions. Its medicinal parts include the rhizome, which can be used fresh or dried.

• Home Uses: Decoction, tincture, syrup, ointment, salve, cream, infused oils, bath herb

Threats:

The plant is under threat due to overharvesting, especially in its wild form. Cultivation is encouraged to reduce the strain on wild populations.

Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)

• Medicinal Benefits: Supports digestion, mild antimicrobial properties, expectorant for soothing coughs.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, tincture, syrup, elixir, foot soak, honey.
• Culinary Uses: Blue flowers are edible, used to decorate cakes and add color to salads.

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Lady’s Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris)

• Description: Named for its association with the Virgin Mary, features chartreuse flowers and scalloped leaves that hold dew.
• Personality: Perennial herbaceous plant (Zones 5–7).
• Height: 12 to 15 inches (30–38 cm).
• Bloom Traits: Clusters of chartreuse flowers in late spring to early summer.
• Habitat Preferences: Moist, shady conditions; grows well under trees.
• Propagation: Seeds sown in late winter/early spring; transplant in late spring/early summer.
• Medicinal Benefits: Strong astringent for skin and women’s health issues.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, tincture, ointment, cream, infused oil, liniment.

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Lavender (Lavandula species)

• Description: Known for its fragrance; used in culinary and medicinal applications.
• Common Varieties: Includes French (L. dentata), Spanish (L. stoechas), and hardy varieties like ‘Munstead’ (L. angustifolia).
• Personality: Perennial or tender perennial (Zones 5–8).
• Height: Up to 24 inches (60 cm).
• Bloom Traits: Flowers range from purple to white, blooming from early summer to late season.
• Habitat Preferences: Prefers dry soil and sunny, hot conditions.
• Propagation: Stratified seeds sown indoors; cuttings can also be used.
• Medicinal Benefits: Beneficial for women’s and children’s health, nervous system conditions, pain relief, skin health (burns, acne).
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, tinctures, ointments, salves, honey, insect repellent.
• Culinary Uses: Edible flowers added to salads, herb butters, and desserts.

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This concise format provides essential details about each herb, including their uses in both culinary and medicinal contexts. If you need more information or specific details, feel free to ask!

Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)

• Description: A versatile herb with a long history of use; often given as a gift for its growth ease.
• Ethnic Names: Melissa, balm, toronjil (Spanish).
• Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 4–9).
• Height: 24 inches (60 cm).
• Bloom Traits: Small, white flowers; blooms intermittently throughout summer.
• Habitat Preferences: Prefers warm, not overly wet climates; thrives in full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil.
• Propagation: Grown from stratified seeds or tip cuttings. Space plants 12 inches (30 cm) apart.
• Culinary Uses: Excellent in cream cheese, fruit salads, and desserts (e.g., vanilla ice cream with lemon balm).
• Medicinal Benefits: Supports digestive health, boosts the immune system, and alleviates stress. Good for children’s health and winter illnesses.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried (note: potency decreases after 6 months).
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, tincture, syrup, salve, cream, foot soak, bath herb, infused oil, honey.

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Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus, C. citratus)

• Description: A valuable tropical plant with significant economic importance, especially in Guatemala.
• Ethnic Names: Té de limón (Spanish).
• Personality: Tender perennial; herbaceous (Zones 8–11).
• Height: 3 to 4 feet (0.9–1.2 m).
• Habitat Preferences: Prefers moist, hot climates but tolerates warm, dry climates with regular watering.
• Propagation: Best propagated through divisions (C. citratus) or seeds (C. flexuosus); space plants 12 to 15 inches (30–38 cm) apart.
• Culinary Uses: Delicious in tea, vegetable soups, and rice dishes.
• Medicinal Benefits: Supports digestive health and has anti-inflammatory properties.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, cider vinegar tincture, foot soak, sleep pillow, bath herb, infused oil, honey.

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Lemon Verbena (Aloysia triphylla)

Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, tincture, bath herb, infused oil, honey.

Description: A fragrant and flavorful herb, commonly used in herbal teas; known for its strong lemon taste.

Personality: Tender perennial; woody (Zones 8–11).

Height: 3 to 4 feet (0.9–1.2 m).

Bloom Traits: Delicate, fragrant white flowers bloom in mid- to late summer.

Habitat Preferences: Thrives in warm climates; often grown in subtropical and temperate areas as an annual.

Propagation: Grown from softwood cuttings using rooting hormone, requiring extra heat (optimal night temperature around 65°F/18°C).

Culinary Uses: Primarily used in herbal teas; can also be added to desserts and other dishes for flavor.

Medicinal Benefits: Primarily used for its calming properties; supports digestion and overall well-being.

Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried.

Here’s a detailed overview of several herbs you shared, including their characteristics, cultivation tips, culinary uses, and medicinal benefits.

Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)

• Personality: Perennial, herbaceous (Zones 4–9)
• Height: 24 inches (60 cm)
• Bloom Traits: Small white flowers; blooms intermittently throughout summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers warm, not overly wet climates.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Best started from seed stratified for at least 1 week; moderate watering; reseeds vigorously.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun or partial shade; well-drained soil.
• Companion Planting: Grows well with hollyhock, angelica, and nasturtiums.
• Harvesting: Aerial parts can be harvested anytime; cutting the upper half encourages regrowth.
• Culinary Use: Great in cream cheese spreads, fruit salads, and desserts like ice cream with chocolate syrup.
• Medicinal Benefits: Supports digestive health, immune system, and stress relief.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts (fresh or dried).
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusions, tinctures, syrups, and more.

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus, C. citratus)

• Personality: Tender perennial; herbaceous (Zones 8–11)
• Height: 3 to 4 feet (0.9–1.2 m)
• Bloom Traits: No specific blooms.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers moist and hot climates; tolerates dry conditions if watered regularly.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Best propagated from seed or divisions; requires regular watering.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun to partial shade; prefers loamy soil.
• Companion Planting: Grows well with lemon verbena, passionflower, and gotu kola.
• Harvesting: Aerial parts can be harvested in mid to late summer.
• Culinary Use: Used in tea, soups, and rice dishes.
• Medicinal Benefits: Supports digestive health and has anti-inflammatory properties.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts (fresh or dried).
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusions, tinctures, foot soaks, etc.

Lemon Verbena (Aloysia triphylla)

• Personality: Tender perennial; woody (Zones 8–11)
• Height: 3 to 4 feet (0.9–1.2 m)
• Bloom Traits: Delicate, fragrant white flowers bloom mid to late summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers warm temperatures; can tolerate poor soil if well-watered.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Propagated through softwood cuttings with good air circulation; needs warm conditions.
• Sun/Soil: Prefers rich soil but will tolerate poor soil with adequate water.
• Companion Planting: Grows well with gotu kola, breadseed poppies, and shiso.
• Harvesting: Cut aerial parts in mid to late summer; leaves should be used fresh or dried immediately after harvest.
• Culinary Use: Excellent for sun tea and infusing honey.
• Medicinal Benefits: Soothes digestion and acts as a calming herb.
• Parts Used: Leaves and flowers (fresh or dried).
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusions, tinctures, and insect repellents.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

• Personality: Tender perennial; herbaceous (Zones 9–11)
• Height: 4 to 5 feet (1.2–1.5 m)
• Bloom Traits: Stunning lavender and white flowers in mid to late summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers hot, arid climates.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Requires seed stratification and soaking; tends to die back in winter and regrow vigorously.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun to partial shade; well-drained soil.
• Harvesting: Roots are harvested in the third year; use a needle-nose spade for digging.
• Culinary Use: Sweetener in various dishes; pairs well with oatmeal and lemon balm tea.
• Medicinal Benefits: Supports immune system and respiratory health.
• Parts Used: Rhizome (fresh or dried).
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Decoctions, tinctures, syrups.

Lovage (Levisticum officinale)

• Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 5–8)
• Height: 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m)
• Bloom Traits: Umbels of white flowers in late spring to early summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Native to mountainous regions of southern Europe; prefers well-drained soil.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Seeds require stratification; expect about 50% germination.
• Sun/Soil: Sun, shade, or partial shade; well-drained soil needed.
• Companion Planting: Works well with fennel, hyssop, and catmint.
• Harvesting: Harvest roots in spring or fall; leaves can be snipped anytime.
• Culinary Use: Celery substitute in various dishes.
• Medicinal Benefits: Good for respiratory health and winter illnesses.
• Parts Used: Roots, leaves, stems, and seeds (fresh or dried).
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusions, tinctures, syrups.

Marjoram (Origanum majorana, O. syriaca, O. vulgare)

• Personality: Tender perennial; herbaceous (Zones 9–10)
• Height: 12 to 24 inches (30–60 cm)
• Bloom Traits: Delicate white or lavender flowers from mid to late summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers sandy or gravelly soils; sensitive to frost.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Grown from seed with high germination rates; can also be grown from cuttings.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun to partial shade; best in well-drained, high organic matter soil.
• Companion Planting: Grows well with garlic chives, sage, rosemary, and chamomile.
• Harvesting: Aerial parts can be harvested with snips or scissors.
• Culinary Use: Pairs well with meats, potatoes, and Middle Eastern dishes.
• Medicinal Benefits: Supports digestion and has antiseptic properties.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts (fresh or dried).
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusions, tinctures, skin washes.

Marsh Mallow (Althaea officinalis)

Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusions, tinctures, ointments.

Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 5–8)

Height: 3 to 4 feet (0.9–1.2 m)

Bloom Traits: Very pale pink flowers bloom mid to late summer.

Likes/Dislikes: Prefers open meadows near water.

Propagation/Maintenance: Seeds need stratification; germination is around 70-80%.

Sun/Soil: Sun, partial shade; adaptable to various soils.

Harvesting: Roots can be harvested in spring or fall; leaves and flowers can be picked during the growing season.

Culinary Use: Roots are cooked like carrots; young leaves are edible in salads.

Medicinal Benefits: Soothes gastrointestinal and urinary tract issues; beneficial for skin conditions.

Parts Used: Roots, leaves, and flowers (fresh or dried).

Melaleuca (Tea Tree) – Melaleuca alternifolia

• Personality: Tender perennial; woody (Zones 8–10)
• Height: 10 feet (3 m) or more
• Bloom Traits: Feathery white flower spikes
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers moist, sunny, and protected areas from wind.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Sow tiny seeds and keep moist at 60-70°F (15-21°C). Transplant outdoors in warm climates, or keep in containers in cooler areas.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun to partial shade; light, well-drained, rich soil.
• Medicinal Benefits: Highly antimicrobial and antiseptic; used topically for cuts and as a mouthwash.
• Parts Used: Softwood leafy stems, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Skin wash, mouthwash, ointment, salve, and household cleaner.

2. Mexican Oregano – Lippia graveolens

• Personality: Perennial; woody (Zones 8–9)
• Height: 3 to 5 feet (0.9–1.5 m)
• Bloom Traits: Clusters of white flowers in late summer
• Likes/Dislikes: Thrives in sandy, gravelly soil and low rainfall.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Propagate from softwood cuttings with rooting hormone; grow outdoors in warm climates.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun; prefers poor sandy or gravelly soils.
• Companion Planting: Grows well with agastaches, epazote, white sage, and prickly pear.
• Culinary Use: Strong leaves used in fish and rice dishes, or in herb butter.
• Medicinal Benefits: Rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.
• Parts Used: Leaves, dried or fresh.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Traditional tincture, ointment, and liniment.

3. Monarda (Bee Balm) – Monarda species

• Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 4–9)
• Height: 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m)
• Bloom Traits: Flowers in various colors bloom early to late summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers sunny meadows and gardens, often near waterways.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Stratify seeds for 3 months; moderate watering needed.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun, partial shade; soil preference varies by species.
• Culinary Use: Used as a substitute for oregano or marjoram.
• Medicinal Benefits: Supports respiratory and digestive health.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, ointment, and syrup.

4. Motherwort – Leonurus cardiaca

• Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 4–8)
• Height: 2 to 4 feet (0.6–1.2 m)
• Bloom Traits: Small whorls of lavender flowers from mid- to late summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Grows abundantly in disturbed areas near streams.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Sow seeds directly outdoors or start indoors. Requires moderate watering.
• Sun/Soil: Grows in full sun, partial shade, or shade; no special soil needs.
• Medicinal Benefits: Used for women’s ailments, as a heart tonic, and for digestive health.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, traditional tincture, and syrup.

This summary encapsulates key information about the herbs, making it easier to understand their requirements and uses! If you need more details on any specific herb or additional herbs, feel free to ask.

Mugwort – Artemisia vulgaris

• Likes/Dislikes: Originates from Mediterranean mountain regions and thrives in disturbed areas.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Stratify seeds for several weeks, then sow indoors. Transplant outdoors in early to mid-spring. Space plants 15–20 inches apart and water lightly to moderately.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun to partial shade; no special soil requirements.
• Harvesting: Aerial parts can be harvested any time during the growing season.
• Medicinal Benefits: Used for menopausal symptoms and digestive support.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusions, tinctures, syrups, ointments, salves, sleep pillows, bath herbs, and infused oils.
• Crafting: Dried leaves are used to create sleep pillows, believed to enhance dreams.

2. Mullein – Verbascum thapsus

• Ethnic Names: Punchón (Spanish)
• Personality: Biennial; herbaceous (Zones 3–9)
• Height: 5 to 6 feet (1.5–1.8 m)
• Bloom Traits: Yellow flowers on tall stalks, blooming in mid- to late summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers disturbed areas with dry, well-drained soil in mountain meadows and grasslands.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Sow seeds directly outdoors or indoors and transplant in spring. Reseeds easily and grows in clumps.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun; well-drained soil.
• Companion Planting: Grows well with mugwort, feverfew, and echinacea.
• Harvesting: Roots harvested in the fall, leaves in late spring, and flowers when in full bloom.
• Medicinal Benefits: Roots for urinary tract issues; leaves and flowers for respiratory health, skin, and ear conditions.
• Parts Used: Roots, leaves, and flowers, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusions, tinctures, syrups, ointments, and infused oils.

3. Nasturtium – Tropaeolum majus

• Common Varieties: ‘Milkmaid’, ‘Empress of India’, ‘Ladybird’, Jewel series, trailing nasturtium.
• Ethnic Names: Indian cress
• Personality: Annual
• Height: 12 to 15 inches (30–38 cm)
• Bloom Traits: Flowers bloom from late spring until frost, in yellow, orange, red, and bicolor.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers semi-shaded, lush areas; grows well in hanging baskets or containers.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Sow seeds directly in the garden or containers. Space seeds 8 inches apart and water moderately.
• Sun/Soil: Partial shade; adaptable to all well-drained soils.
• Companion Planting: Grows well with vegetables, strawberries, spilanthes, parsley, and sunflowers.
• Harvesting: Pick younger leaves, flowers, and seeds by hand or with scissors.
• Culinary Use: Young leaves add spicy flavor to salads and sandwiches. Flowers can be used in soups and salads. Seeds can be pickled as a caper substitute.

4. Nettle – Urtica dioica

• Ethnic Names: Ortiga (Spanish)
• Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 5–9)
• Height: 2 to 4 feet (0.6–1.2 m)
• Bloom Traits: Tiny, cream-colored flowers bloom from early to late summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Grows worldwide, native to Eurasia, now naturalized in North America and Europe. Avoids high-traffic areas due to its sting.
• Harvesting: Wear protective gloves to harvest leaves and stems, which lose their sting when dried or cooked.
• Medicinal Benefits: Nettles are nutrient-rich and traditionally used for skin conditions, joint pain, and as a tonic for overall health.
• Parts Used: Leaves, stems, and roots, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusions, tinctures, salves, and tonics.

This summary provides the core details on these herbs and their applications. Let me know if you’d like more information on any of them!

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)

• Propagation: Stratify seeds for best germination. Transplant in early spring.
• Soil/Sun: Full sun or partial shade, adaptable to various soils.
• Harvest: Aerial parts, any time during the season.
• Medicinal: Supports menopausal symptoms and digestive health.
• Uses: Infusions, tinctures, sleep pillows, bath herbs.

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Mullein (Verbascum thapsus)

• Propagation: Easy seed sowing, germination in 2 weeks.
• Soil/Sun: Prefers dry, well-drained soil and full sun.
• Harvest: Harvest roots in the fall, leaves and flowers anytime.
• Medicinal: Supports respiratory, urinary, and skin health.
• Uses: Infusions, salves, creams, tinctures.

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Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus)

• Propagation: Sow directly into garden; transplanting not recommended.
• Soil/Sun: Partial shade, no need for extra fertilization.
• Harvest: Leaves, flowers, and seeds can be harvested.
• Culinary: Adds spice to salads, can be pickled, seeds used like capers.

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Nettle (Urtica dioica)

• Propagation: Stratify seeds or divide roots, wear gloves while handling.
• Soil/Sun: Moist areas, partial shade to full sun, rich in organic matter.
• Harvest: Aerial parts before flowering.
• Medicinal: Tonic for reproductive health, skin, hair, allergies.
• Uses: Soups, infusions, tinctures, salves.

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Oats (Avena sativa)

• Propagation: Sow seeds directly outdoors in spring.
• Soil/Sun: Requires full sun, rich in organic matter.
• Harvest: Milky seeds for highest benefits, aerial parts for oatstraw.
• Culinary: Nutritious cereal grain used in baking, oatmeal, and more.
• Medicinal: Supports nervous system, skin, bone health.

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Oregano (Origanum species)

• Propagation: Stratify seeds or use tip cuttings, space plants well.
• Soil/Sun: Full sun or partial shade, well-drained soil.
• Harvest: Aerial parts during the growing season.
• Culinary: Popular seasoning for Italian dishes.
• Medicinal: Antiseptic, supports digestive health.

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Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)

• Propagation: Soak seeds before sowing to speed up germination.
• Soil/Sun: Full sun or partial shade, no special soil needs.
• Harvest: Gather leaves and roots as needed.
• Culinary: A vitamin-rich addition to salads and soups.
• Medicinal: Antioxidant, supports digestive and urinary tract health.

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These plants are not only versatile in terms of their cultivation needs but also highly valuable for home pharmacy and culinary applications. Their medicinal and culinary uses make them a great addition to any garden or kitchen.

This guide provides helpful information on growing and using Passionflower, Pennyroyal, and Peppermint, highlighting their characteristics, growing conditions, and medicinal or culinary benefits. Here’s a concise summary of each:

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Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata, P. edulis)

• Propagation: Difficult to grow from seeds; better from tip cuttings with rooting hormone.
• Soil/Sun: Shade or partial shade; prefers rich, moist, humus-rich soil.
• Harvest: Aerial parts including flowers and fruits, anytime during the growing season.
• Medicinal: Strong sedative and nervine for calming the nervous system.
• Culinary: Fruits are edible and resemble green apricots.
• Uses: Infusions, tinctures, syrup, elixirs, foot soaks, bath herbs, honey.

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Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium)

• Propagation: Easy propagation from root divisions or cuttings.
• Soil/Sun: Full sun to shade; needs well-drained soil.
• Harvest: Aerial parts harvested throughout the growing season.
• Medicinal: Supports women’s health (not for use during pregnancy), winter illnesses, and digestion.
• Cautions: Essential oil should only be used externally and with care; avoid use on cats.
• Uses: Infusions, tinctures, syrups, insect repellents.

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Peppermint (Mentha piperita)

• Propagation: Best propagated by root divisions or cuttings, not from seeds.
• Soil/Sun: Full sun to shade; adaptable to various soils.
• Harvest: Aerial parts can be harvested at any time, but for a sweeter taste, harvest before flowering.
• Culinary: Use fresh leaves in salads or freeze sprigs for minty cookies.
• Medicinal: Addresses many body systems, supports digestion, and offers respiratory relief.
• Uses: Infusions, tinctures, culinary dishes, candy, toothpaste.

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Each plant has unique benefits and growing preferences, making them valuable additions to both medicinal gardens and culinary endeavors.

Peppermint

Medicinal Benefits: Supports digestive tract, muscular system, respiratory tract, and women’s reproductive health. Offers pain relief, skin care, and support for winter illnesses and children’s health. Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried. Uses: Infusions, tinctures, syrups, ointments, creams, salves, foot soaks, infused oils, bath herbs, and more. Crafting: Adds fragrance to sachets, bath herbs, and herbal dolls. Can be used in sleep pillows and creams.

Potentilla (Cinquefoil)

Medicinal Benefits: Astringent herb for skin issues, gastrointestinal conditions, and gum health. Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried. Uses: Infusion, decoction, ointments, salves, creams, and edible flowers for salads. Crafting: Potentilla flowers can be used for beautifying dishes.

Prickly Pear (Opuntia species)

Medicinal Benefits: Balances blood sugar levels, supports skin health, and aids gastrointestinal issues. Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh. Uses: Syrup, medicinal food, ointment, salve, cream, and honey. Culinary Use: Pads can be sautéed with garlic and onions; fruits can be used to make jelly.

Red Clover (Trifolium pratense)

Medicinal Benefits: Tonic for women’s and children’s health, winter illnesses, and immune support. Parts Used: Flowers, fresh or dried. Uses: Infusion, tinctures, syrup, ointment, salves, and creams. Crafting: Edible flowers that can be used in salads or to enhance the nutrition of dishes.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus species)

Medicinal Benefits: Antioxidant, enhances circulation, aids digestion, supports brain health, immune system, and skin. Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried. Uses: Infusions, tinctures, syrups, ointments, salves, creams, infused oil, and culinary purposes. Culinary Use: Excellent for poultry, potatoes, and breads. Strong-flavored and aromatic.

Rue (Ruta graveolens)

Medicinal Benefits: Traditionally used for women’s health and ear ailments. Caution: Not safe for pregnant women. Parts Used: Aerial parts, dried. Uses: Infusion and traditional tincture.

Sage (Salvia officinalis)

Medicinal Benefits: Supports winter illnesses, digestive and respiratory health, skin and hair health, and women’s health. Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried. Uses: Infusions, tinctures, ointments, salves, creams, infused oil, honey, and liniments. Culinary Use: Classic herb for stuffing, poultry, and pork. Great in grains like couscous and quinoa.

These plants not only serve practical medicinal purposes but also enhance culinary experiences and offer crafting possibilities.

Salad Burnet (Sanguisorba minor)

• Flavor: Cucumber-like, used as a substitute in salads.
• Personality: Perennial (Zone 5-10), herbaceous.
• Height: 12-15 inches (30-38 cm).
• Bloom Traits: Pink flowers throughout summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers moist but well-drained grassy pastures and meadows.
• Propagation: Sow seeds in early spring indoors or directly in the garden mid to late spring. Germination: 2 weeks.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun or dappled shade, adaptable to different well-drained soils.
• Companion Planting: Catnip, cutting celery, dill.
• Culinary Use: Chopped leaves in salads, soups, deviled eggs, pasta dishes.

Santolina (Santolina species)

• Common Varieties: ‘Napoleon’, ‘Morning Mist’.
• Personality: Perennial (Zones 6-9), herbaceous.
• Height: 12-24 inches (30-60 cm).
• Bloom Traits: Yellow button flowers, blooming in midsummer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Grows best in hot, dry climates; native to the Mediterranean.
• Propagation: Tip cuttings, liquid rooting hormone encouraged.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun, well-drained soil.
• Companion Planting: Repels insects, pairs with catmint, poppies, and rue.
• Medicinal Use: Important in herbal insect repellents.

Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis)

• Personality: Annual, herbaceous.
• Height: 12-20 inches (30-50 cm).
• Bloom Traits: Pale lavender to white flowers, summer-long bloom.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers hot, dry Mediterranean-like climates.
• Propagation: Sow indoors, sprout in 2 weeks, transplant in late spring.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun or partial shade; well-drained soil.
• Culinary Use: Seasoning for lamb, green beans, and salads.
• Medicinal Use: Good for digestion, throat, and skin health.

Winter Savory (Satureja montana)

• Personality: Perennial (Zones 5-8), woody.
• Height: 12 inches (30 cm).
• Bloom Traits: Purple, blue, or white flowers in summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Tolerates both hot summers and cold winters.
• Propagation: Sow indoors early spring, germinate in 2 weeks.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun, prefers well-drained soils.
• Culinary Use: Adds flavor to soups, stews, cabbage, and goat cheese.
• Edible Flowers: Used in herb butter or with vegetables.

Self-Heal (Prunella species)

• Personality: Perennial (Zones 4-9), herbaceous.
• Height: 8-10 inches (20-25 cm).
• Bloom Traits: Pinks, purples, and white flowers bloom in early and mid-summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Thrives in temperate woodlands, meadows, and near streams.
• Propagation: Sow indoors, germinate in 3 weeks, stratify seeds for at least 1 month.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun to partial shade, humusy soil.
• Medicinal Benefits: Women’s health, digestive and throat issues, skin care.

Shiso (Perilla frutescens)

• Common Varieties: Britton shiso, red shiso.
• Personality: Annual.
• Height: 12-24 inches (30-60 cm).
• Bloom Traits: Lavender blooms signal the end of the plant’s life cycle.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers warm, shaded areas under hardwood trees.
• Propagation: Sow seed indoors, transplant after frost danger passes. Germinate in 1-2 weeks.
• Sun/Soil: Partial to full shade, moist loamy soil.
• Culinary Use: Leaves add a cinnamon-curry flavor to salads, wraps for sushi. Red shiso is used as a natural coloring agent for pickles and umeboshi plums.

These herbs have a variety of uses in cooking, gardening, and traditional medicine.

Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora)

• Ethnic and Other Names: Casida (Spanish)
• Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 4–8)
• Height: 8 to 24 inches (20–60 cm)
• Bloom Traits: Light blue flowers bloom from mid- to late summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers moist environments, like near streams or areas with flowing water.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Stratify seeds for at least 1 week before sowing indoors. Expect sprouting in 2 weeks with an 80% germination rate. Transplant outdoors after frost, and space plants 12 inches (30 cm) apart. Moderate water requirements.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun, partial shade; prefers well-drained, moist soil.
• Companion/Complementary Planting: Plant with feverfew, catnip, and valerian for complementary effects.
• Harvesting: Harvest aerial parts when the plant is in full bloom, cutting about 3 inches above the ground.
• Medicinal Benefits: A nervine and sedative that relieves stress, anxiety, and pain while nourishing the nervous system.
• Parts Used: Fresh flowering aerial parts.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Traditional tincture, liniment.

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Sorrel (Rumex acetosa, R. sanguineus var. sanguineus)

• Ethnic and Other Names: Garden sorrel, bloody dock.
• Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 4–9).
• Height: 12 to 24 inches (30–60 cm).
• Bloom Traits: Spikes of greenish-white flowers typical of the knotweed family.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers open, meadowlike areas with plenty of moisture.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Easily grown from seed sown in early spring. Germinates in about 2 weeks with an 80% rate. Transplant in mid- to late spring, spacing 12 to 15 inches apart. Requires plenty of water.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun to partial shade; prefers loamy, moist soil but tolerates various soil types with organic matter.
• Companion/Complementary Planting: Grows well with watercress, lovage, and cilantro.
• Harvesting: Use scissors to harvest leaves.
• Culinary Use: Has a bitter but lemony flavor, often used in soups, salads, and cooked dishes.
• Medicinal Benefits: Tonic herb for the digestive tract.
• Parts Used: Fresh leaves preferred; dried acceptable.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Traditional tincture, cider vinegar tincture.

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Southernwood (Artemisia abrotanum)

• Ethnic and Other Names: Aurone, citronelle garde-robe (French).
• Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 5–9).
• Height: 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m).
• Bloom Traits: Small, greenish-white flowers bloom in mid- to late summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Native to Italy and Spain, it thrives in sunny, semi-arid areas with gravelly, well-drained soil.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Best propagated vegetatively from softwood tip cuttings, using rooting hormone. Maintain moist conditions and good air circulation. Space 15 inches (38 cm) apart with moderate watering.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun; prefers well-drained clay or gravelly soil.
• Companion/Complementary Planting: Pairs well with Mexican oregano, catmint, and winter savory.
• Harvesting: Harvest aerial parts using scissors or snips.
• Medicinal Benefits: Used for women’s reproductive health but should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, traditional tincture.
• Crafting: Valued for its fragrance in wreaths and sachets, combined with lavender and cloves for moth-repelling effects.

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Spearmint (Mentha spicata)

• Ethnic and Other Names: Yerba buena (Spanish), menthe verte (French), menta verte (Italian), grüne Minze (German).
• Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 5–9).
• Height: 24 inches (60 cm).
• Bloom Traits: Lavender flowers bloom in mid- to late summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Grows near streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds in disturbed areas.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Propagate by root divisions or cuttings. Avoid growing from seed for better volatile oil content. Space 12 inches (30 cm) apart with moderate to heavy watering.
• Sun/Soil: Full sun, partial shade; moist, loamy soil.
• Companion/Complementary Planting: Grows well with a variety of other herbs in moist environments.
• Harvesting: Harvest aerial parts throughout the growing season using scissors or snips.
• Culinary Use: Adds a refreshing flavor to salads, beverages, and savory dishes.
• Medicinal Benefits: Useful for the nervous system, digestion, respiratory issues, pain relief, and winter illnesses.
• Parts Used: Fresh or dried aerial parts.
• Home Pharmacy Uses: Infusion, tinctures, syrups, ointments, creams, and more.
• Crafting: Frequently used in sachets, bath herbs, foot soaks, and eye pillows.

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Spilanthes (Spilanthes oleracea)

Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried.

Ethnic and Other Names: Toothache plant, pará cress.

Personality: Annual; herbaceous.

Height: 12 to 24 inches (30–60 cm).

Bloom Traits: Conical yellow flowers with a red dot, blooming from summer until frost.

Likes/Dislikes: Thrives in hot, moist environments.

Propagation/Maintenance: Grows easily from seed. Germinates in about 1 week with an 80% success rate. Space 12 inches (30 cm) apart. Requires moderate to high watering.

Sun/Soil: Full sun, partial shade; rich, moist soil with high organic matter content.

Companion/Complementary Planting: Grows well with gotu kola and stevia.

Harvesting: Harvest aerial parts when in full flower, using scissors or snips.

Culinary Use: Spicy flavor often used in salads.

Medicinal Benefits: Known for its pain-relieving and tingling sensation effects.

1. Spilanthes

• Medicinal Benefits: Supports the immune system, respiratory tract, oral gum health, throat, and gastrointestinal concerns.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts in flower (fresh).
• Uses: Infusion, tincture, syrup, elixir, ointment, salve, cream, foot soak, bath herb, honey, liniment.

2. St.-John’s-Wort (Hypericum perforatum)

• Medicinal Benefits: Nervous system support, immune system, muscles, winter illnesses, and skin treatment.
• Parts Used: Flowering tops (fresh).
• Uses: Tincture, syrup, elixir, ointment, salve, cream, foot soak, bath herb, infused oil, liniment.
• Note: Often known for its antidepressant properties, but has broader uses.

3. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana)

• Medicinal Benefits: Supports digestion, herbal sweetener.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts (fresh or dried).
• Uses: Tincture, powder, as a natural sweetener for foods and beverages.

4. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

• Medicinal Benefits: Beneficial for urinary, respiratory, and digestive tracts, and supports winter illness recovery.
• Parts Used: Seeds (dried).
• Uses: Tincture, edible seeds for culinary use, crafting bird treats, and trail mix snacks.

5. Sweetgrass (Hierochloe odorata)

• Medicinal Benefits: No direct medicinal benefits mentioned, but valued for its aromatic uses in ceremonies and crafting.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts.
• Uses: Crafting ritual braids and baskets, ceremonial burning for aromatic smoke.

6. Sweet Woodruff (Galium odoratum)

• Medicinal Benefits: Topical use for cuts and scrapes.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts (fresh or dried).
• Uses: Skin wash, ointment, salve, cream, foot soak, bath herb, crafting sachets, and potpourri.

7. Thyme (Thymus species)

• Medicinal Benefits: Beneficial for winter illnesses, digestive and respiratory issues, sore muscles, throat conditions, and skin health. Antibacterial and antiseptic properties.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts (fresh or dried).
• Uses: Infusion, tincture, syrup, ointment, salve, cream, foot soak, bath herb, infused oil, honey, butter, liniment. Edible flowers for culinary use.

8. Turmeric (Curcuma longa)

• Medicinal Benefits: Anti-inflammatory, useful for chronic health challenges.
• Parts Used: Roots (fresh or dried).
• Uses: Infusion, tincture, salve, ointment, cream, culinary ingredient, and crafting dye.

These herbs have a range of medicinal benefits, from supporting the immune system to aiding digestion and respiratory health. Many of them also have culinary and crafting uses, such as Stevia for sweetening and Sunflower seeds for edible dishes.

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)

• Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 4–7)
• Height: 3–4 feet
• Bloom Traits: Fragrant white flowers with pale pink hues, bloom in late spring and early summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers moist environments like woodlands near streams; thrives in sun to shade with moist soil.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Seeds germinate at 60–70°F within 7–14 days. Transplant outdoors in late spring; moderate to heavy watering.
• Harvesting: Roots harvested in fall of the first year or spring of the second year.
• Medicinal Uses: Known for its sedative and pain-relieving properties.
• Parts Used: Roots, fresh or dried.

Vervain (Verbena species)

• Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 3–7)
• Height: 3–5 feet
• Bloom Traits: Blue to purple flower spikes bloom from mid- to late summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers open, grassy prairies and moist environments. Thrives in sun to partial shade with well-drained soil.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Stratify seeds for 2 weeks, sow indoors, transplant in mid-late spring; moderate watering.
• Harvesting: Harvest the upper half of the plant while blooming.
• Medicinal Uses: Relieves cold and flu symptoms, stress, and digestive discomfort; good for children.
• Parts Used: Flowering aerial parts, fresh or dried.

Vietnamese Coriander (Polygonum odorata)

• Personality: Tender perennial (Zones 10–11)
• Height: 8–10 inches
• Bloom Traits: Reddish pink blossoms in tropical climates.
• Likes/Dislikes: Thrives in moist, tropical environments and partial shade.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Easily propagated from cuttings or root divisions. Plant in moist soil and provide plenty of water.
• Harvesting: Harvest aerial parts.
• Culinary Uses: Adds spicy, peppery flavor to salads, pork, chicken, and fish dishes.

Violet (Viola species)

• Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 2–11)
• Height: 4–8 inches
• Bloom Traits: Purple, yellow, pink, or white flowers bloom in spring.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers shady and moist conditions; some species tolerate more habitats.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Stratify seeds for 3 months; space plants 6–8 inches apart.
• Harvesting: Leaves can be picked throughout the season; flowers in spring.
• Culinary Uses: Flowers and leaves used in salads, spreads, and jellies.
• Medicinal Uses: Beneficial for heart health, respiratory concerns, and stress relief.
• Parts Used: Leaves and flowers.

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale)

• Personality: Perennial; aquatic plant (Zones 5–10)
• Height: 10–12 inches
• Bloom Traits: White flowers in spring and early summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Prefers growing in moist soil near free-moving water in a shady area.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Easily grown from seed; space plants 12–15 inches apart.
• Harvesting: Harvest aerial parts.
• Culinary Uses: Great for salads, sandwiches, and wraps.

White Sage (Salvia apiana)

• Personality: Tender perennial (Zones 8–11)
• Height: 12–24 inches
• Bloom Traits: Pale blue flowers in late summer.
• Likes/Dislikes: Thrives in sunny, hot, dry, and windy conditions.
• Propagation/Maintenance: Stratify seeds for 1 week before sowing indoors; prefers well-drained soil.
• Harvesting: Harvest aerial parts in late summer.
• Medicinal Uses: Useful for women’s health, digestive concerns, and respiratory ailments.
• Parts Used: Aerial parts, fresh or dried.

Each herb has its unique requirements and uses, whether medicinal, culinary, or cultural. Discover the fascinating history and versatility of herbs and how they’ve been used for wellbeing over the centuries in this insightful resource: Herbs for Wellbeing: A Potted History. Let me know if you’d like more details on any of these!

Yerba Mansa (Anemopsis californica)

Ethnic and Other Names: Lizard tail
Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 5–10)
Height: 12 inches (30 cm)
Bloom Traits: Conical flowers with white petals bloom in late spring to early summer.
Likes/Dislikes: A desert plant native to the southwestern U.S., it prefers hot climates and grows near water sources (ponds, streams, lakes).
Propagation/Maintenance: Difficult to germinate from seed. Requires warm greenhouse conditions (90–104°F daytime, 60–70°F nighttime) with heavy watering before and after sprouting. Spreads by runners like strawberries and should be transplanted outside in early summer when temperatures are warm.
Sun/Soil: Full sun, partial shade; moist, alkaline soil with good organic content.
Harvesting: Roots or whole plants can be harvested in the fall of the first year after a hot, well-watered growing season. Harvest anytime after the plant is 2 years old. Use a garden fork to lift plants from the soil, and replant runners.
Medicinal Benefits: Used for acute winter illnesses, respiratory conditions, and lymphatic support.
Parts Used: Whole plant and roots, fresh or dried.
Home Pharmacy Uses: Decoction, tincture, syrup, elixir, ointment, salve, foot soak, infused oil, liniment.

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Yucca (Yucca species)

Ethnic and Other Names: Soapweed, amole (Spanish)
Personality: Perennial; herbaceous (Zones 5–10)
Height: 15 inches (38 cm) and taller
Bloom Traits: Large, cream-colored blooms in late spring through summer.
Likes/Dislikes: Grows in arid and moist areas, preferring wide-open, sunny spaces with well-drained soil. Often found in disturbed areas.
Propagation/Maintenance: Stratify seed for 3 months in the freezer or 2 weeks in moist sand in the fridge. Sow indoors with extra heat. Germination may take up to 4 weeks. Transplant outdoors 15 inches (38 cm) apart in late spring/early summer. Requires light watering.
Sun/Soil: Full sun; well-drained soil.
Companion/Complementary Planting: Coyote mint, prickly pear, agastaches, vervains.
Harvesting: Harvest roots in the fall of the second year. Wear gloves when handling, as plants can be sharp. Pick flowers in spring.
Medicinal Benefits: Beneficial for joint conditions.
Parts Used: Roots, leaves, flowers (fresh or dried).
Home Pharmacy Uses: Decoction, tincture, syrup, ointment, salve, cream, foot soak, bath herb, infused oil, liniment.
Edible Flowers: Flowers are delicious in salads, especially with squash blossoms.
Crafting: Fibers in yucca leaves are strong, suitable for weaving mats, baskets, and other crafts.

Here’s the information in a table format following your requested structure:

PLANT NAME	COMMON NAME	LATIN BOTANICAL NAME	ETHNIC AND OTHER NAMES
Agastache	Sunset hyssop	Agastache rupestris, A. cana	double bubblegum mint
Angelica		Angelica archangelica
Anise hyssop		Agastache foeniculum
Astragalus, Chinese		Astragalus membranaceus	Huang qi (Chinese)
Basil		Ocimum species	Albacar (Spanish), tulsi (Indian for Holy Basil), basilic (French), Basilikum (German), basilico (Italian)
Borage		Borago officinalis	Borraja (Spanish)
Breadseed poppy	Mawseed	Papaver somniferum	opium poppy, white poppy
Calendula	French pot marigold	Calendula officinalis	pot marigold
California poppy		Eschscholzia californica
Catmint		Nepeta × faassenii
Catnip		Nepeta cataria	Nebada (Spanish)
Cayenne		Capsicum species	Poivre de Cayenne (French), pepe di caienna or peperone (Italian), pimiento or chile (Spanish), Cayennepfeffer (German), kajennpeppar (Swedish)
Chamomile		Matricaria recutita, Chamaemelum nobile	Manzanilla (Spanish)
Chasteberry		Vitex agnus-castus	Vitex, palo santo (Spanish)
Chives		Allium schoenoprasum	Ciboulette (French), cipollina (Italian), cebolleta (Spanish)
Cilantro, Coriander		Coriandrum sativum	Coriandre (French), coriandolo (Italian), Koriander (German)
Clary sage		Salvia sclarea
Comfrey		Symphytum × uplandicum
Costmary		Tanacetum balsamita	Balsamita, menthe-coq, grande balsamite (French)
Coyote mint		Monardella odoratissima
Cutting celery		Apium graveolens
Dill		Anethum graveolens
Echinacea		Echinacea species	Purple coneflower
Epazote		Chenopodium ambrosioides	Mexican tea, pazote (Spanish)
Eucalyptus		Eucalyptus species	Blue gum tree
Fennel		Foeniculum vulgare, F. vulgare ‘Rubrum’	Fenouil (French), hinojo (Spanish), Fenchel (German), finocchio (Italian)
Feverfew		Tanacetum parthenium	Altamisa mexicana (Spanish)
Garlic		Allium sativum	Ajo (Spanish), Knoblauch (German), aglio (Italian), ail (French)
Garlic chives		Allium tuberosum	Chinese chives, jiu-zi (Chinese)
Ginger		Zingiber officinale	Ajenjibre (Mexican Spanish), jengibre (Spanish), gingembre (French), Ingwer (German), zenzero (Italian), ingefära (Swedish)
Goldenrod		Solidago species
Goldenseal		Hydrastis canadensis
Yerba Mansa		Anemopsis californica	Lizard tail
Yucca		Yucca species	Soapweed, amole (Spanish)

COMMON NAME	LATIN BOTANICAL NAME	ETHNIC AND OTHER NAMES
Gotu kola	Centella asiatica
Heartsease	Viola tricolor, V. cornuta	Johnny-jump-up, wild pansy
Hollyhock	Alcea species
Hops	Humulus lupulus	Hopfen (German), luppolo (Italian), houblon (French), lúpulo (Spanish)
Horehound	Marrubium vulgare	Marrubio (Spanish)
Horseradish	Armoracia rusticana	Raifort (French), Meerrettich or Kren (German), rafano (Italian), rabano picante (Spanish), pepparrot (Swedish)
Hyssop	Hyssopus officinalis
Lady’s mantle	Alchemilla vulgaris
Lavender	Lavandula species	Alhucema (Spanish)
Lemon balm	Melissa officinalis	Melissa, balm, sweet balm, toronjil (Spanish)
Lemongrass, East Indian, West Indian	Cymbopogon flexuosus, C. citratus	Té de limón (Spanish)
Lemon verbena	Aloysia triphylla
Licorice	Glycyrrhiza glabra	Réglisse (French), Lakritze (German), regolizia (Italian)
Lovage	Levisticum officinale	Garden osha (although it is not true osha, which is Ligusticum porteri), céleri bâtard (French)
Marjoram (sweet, za’atar, wild)	Origanum majorana, O. syriaca, O. vulgare	E’zov (Hebrew for za’atar marjoram), marjolaine (French)
Marsh mallow	Althaea officinalis	Pâte de guimauve (French)
Melaleuca, Tea tree	Melaleuca alternifolia
Mexican oregano	Lippia graveolens	Xomcachiift (Seri Indian)
Monarda	Monarda species	Bee balm, wild oregano, bergamot, Oswego tea, oregano de la Sierra (Spanish)
Motherwort	Leonurus cardiaca	Jaboncillo (Spanish)
Mugwort	Artemisia vulgaris	Cronewort, altamisa (Spanish)
Mullein	Verbascum thapsus	Punchón (Spanish)
Nasturtium	Tropaeolum majus	Indian cress
Nettles	Urtica dioica	Ortiga (Spanish)
Oats	Avena sativa	Oatseed, oatstraw, avena (Spanish)
Oregano	Origanum species	Origan (French), Dost (German), oregano (Italian), orégano (Spanish)
Parsley	Petroselinum crispum var. neapolitanum	Persil (French), Petersilie (German), prezzemolo (Italian), perejil (Spanish), persilja (Swedish)
Passionflower	Passiflora incarnata, P. edulis	Maypop, apricot vine (P. incarnata), purple passion fruit, granadilla (P. edulis)
Pennyroyal	Mentha pulegium	Poleo chino (Spanish)
Peppermint	Mentha piperita	Menta peperita (Italian), hierbabuena (Spanish), Pfefferminz (German), menthe poivrée (French), pepparmynta (Swedish)
Potentilla	Potentilla species	Five-fingers, cinquefoil, tormentil

Let me know if you need any further adjustments or additional information!

Here’s the information you provided formatted into a table:

COMMON NAME	LATIN BOTANICAL NAME	ETHNIC AND OTHER NAMES
Prickly pear	Opuntia species
Red clover	Trifolium pratense	Trébol (Spanish)
Rosemary	Rosmarinus species	Romero (Spanish), romarin (French), Rosmarin (German and Swedish), ramerino (Italian)
Rue	Ruta graveolens	Ruda (Spanish)
Sage	Salvia officinalis	Salvia (Spanish), sauge (French), salvia (Italian), Salbei (German)
Salad burnet	Sanguisorba minor
Santolina	Santolina species	Lavender cotton
Savory, summer	Satureja hortensis	Bohnenkraut (German)
Savory, winter	Satureja montana	Bergbohnenkraut (German), sariette vivace (French)
Self-heal	Prunella grandiflora subsp. pyrenaica, P. vulgaris
Shiso	Perilla frutescens	Perilla
Skullcap	Scutellaria lateriflora	Casida (Spanish)
Sorrel, French, Red-veined	Rumex acetosa, R. sanguineus	Garden sorrel, bloody dock
Southernwood	Artemisia abrotanum	Aurone, citronelle garde-robe (French)
Spearmint	Mentha spicata	Yerba buena or menta verde (Spanish), menthe verte (French), menta verte (Italian), grüne Minze (German), grönmynta (Swedish)
Spilanthes	Spilanthes oleracea	Toothache plant, pará cress (Spanish)
St.-John’s-wort	Hypericum perforatum	Kalamath weed
Stevia	Stevia rebaudiana
Sunflower	Helianthus annuus
Sweetgrass	Hierochloe odorata
Sweet woodruff	Galium odoratum
Thyme	Thymus species	Tomillo (Spanish)
Turmeric	Curcuma longa	Curcuma (French), gurkmeja (Swedish), Kurkuma or Gelbwurz (German)
Valerian	Valeriana officinalis	Valeriana (Spanish)
Vervain, Blue vervain	Verbena species	Herb of grace, verbena or dormilón (Spanish)
Vietnamese coriander	Polygonum odorata	Rau ram (Vietnamese), Vietnamese mint, daun kesom (Malaysian)
Violet	Viola species
Watercress	Nasturtium officinale
White sage	Salvia apiana	Salvia blanca (Spanish)
Wood betony	Stachys officinalis
Yarrow	Achillea species	Milenrama, plumajillo (Spanish)
Yerba mansa	Anemopsis californica	Lizard tail
Yucca	Yucca species	Soapweed, amole (Spanish)

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