Colocasia Farming in Rajasthan: A Complete Guide

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Why Colocasia (Arbi) is a Smart Choice for Rajasthan Farmers

In the quest for profitable and resilient crops, Rajasthan’s farmers are increasingly looking beyond traditional choices. Colocasia, known locally as Arbi or Ghuiyan, presents a compelling opportunity. While often associated with more humid regions, its cultivation is not only possible but potentially highly profitable in many parts of Rajasthan, provided water is managed intelligently. This is not a theoretical exercise; it is a practical path to diversifying your farm’s income.

Here’s why Arbi deserves your serious consideration:

• Strong Economic Potential: Arbi consistently fetches good prices in local mandis and urban centres like Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Udaipur. The demand is stable throughout the year, driven by its widespread use in Indian cuisine. As a cash crop, it can provide a significant income boost between major grain harvests.
• Climatic Adaptability: Colocasia thrives in warm, humid conditions, making it an excellent Kharif season crop that aligns perfectly with the monsoon. In areas with irrigation, it can even be planted in late winter (February-March) for an early summer harvest, capturing premium market rates before the main season supply arrives. While Rajasthan is known for its aridity, the southern and eastern belts of the state (e.g., Kota, Bundi, Udaipur, Banswara divisions) offer suitable microclimates.
• Benefits to Crop Rotation: Introducing a tuber crop like Colocasia into a rotation dominated by cereals (Bajra, Wheat) or oilseeds (Mustard) is an agronomically sound decision. It breaks the life cycles of pests and diseases specific to those crops, leading to healthier fields and potentially reducing the need for chemical interventions in the long run.
• Soil Health Improvement: The practice of incorporating large amounts of organic manure for Arbi cultivation directly improves the soil’s structure, water-holding capacity, and microbial life—a critical benefit for Rajasthan’s often-strained soils.
• Dual-Income Product: While the primary product is the underground corm, the tender leaves and petioles (stems) of certain varieties are also edible and have a niche market, offering an additional, albeit smaller, revenue stream.

This guide is built on practical wisdom. It moves beyond generic advice to provide a field-ready blueprint for cultivating Colocasia in Rajasthan, focusing on the specific challenges and opportunities our state presents.

Choosing the Right Variety and Preparing Your Planting Material

Your final yield begins with the ‘seed’ you sow. In Colocasia, we plant cormels (small daughter corms) from the previous harvest. The choice of variety and the health of this planting material are non-negotiable foundations for success.

Promising Varieties for Rajasthan

While local, time-tested varieties often perform well, several improved varieties released by agricultural research institutes offer higher yields, better disease resistance, and desirable market qualities. Consider these options:

• Sree Rashmi: Released by the Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI), this is an excellent choice. It has a relatively short duration (180-200 days) and shows good field tolerance to Colocasia Leaf Blight, the crop’s most fearsome disease. Its corms are of good cooking quality.
• Sree Pallavi: Another CTCRI variety, known for its high yield potential and good taste. It performs well under irrigated conditions.
• Pusa Komal: Developed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), this variety is noted for its early maturity and smooth, easy-to-peel corms.
• NDC-1 and NDC-2: Developed in Uttar Pradesh, these varieties have shown good adaptability in nearby regions and are worth trying in the northern parts of Rajasthan.
• Local Selections: Do not underestimate the power of local landraces. Consult with experienced farmers in your area. They may have a variety that is perfectly adapted to your specific soil and water conditions. Always prioritize performance over a fancy name.

Sourcing and Preparing Cormels

The planting material is a major vector for disease. Never compromise on its quality.

1. Source with Care: Purchase cormels from government agricultural departments, Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), reputable nurseries, or highly trusted fellow farmers known for their disease-free fields. Avoid buying from the open market where the source and health are unknown.
2. Select the Best: Choose medium-sized cormels, typically weighing 20-30 grams each. They should be firm, healthy, and free from any signs of rot, damage, or disease. Small cormels result in weak plants, while very large ones can be an inefficient use of planting material.
3. The Critical Step of Seed Treatment: Before planting, treat the cormels to protect them from soil-borne fungal diseases like corm rot. This simple step can make the difference between a thriving crop and total failure. You have two excellent options:
• Chemical Treatment: Prepare a solution of a good fungicide. Mix Mancozeb (2.5 grams per litre of water) or Carbendazim (1 gram per litre of water). Dip the cormels in this solution for 20-30 minutes, then take them out and let them dry in the shade.
• Bio-Treatment: For an organic approach, use a slurry of Trichoderma viride or Pseudomonas fluorescens (10 grams per litre of water). This introduces beneficial microbes that protect the plant’s root zone. Dipping in a Panchagavya or Jeevamrut solution for 30 minutes can also boost initial vigour and immunity.
4. Pre-Sprouting for Uniformity: After treatment, you can encourage uniform germination by pre-sprouting the cormels. Spread them in a single layer in a moist, shady place, covered with damp gunny bags or straw. Within 10-15 days, you will see small sprouts emerging. Planting sprouted cormels ensures a quick, even stand in the field, giving the crop a head start against weeds.

Soil Preparation and Field Management: The Foundation of a Healthy Crop

Colocasia is a heavy feeder that develops its economic product underground. This means the condition of your soil is paramount. In Rajasthan, where soils can be sandy, saline, or low in organic matter, diligent preparation is not just a recommendation—it’s a requirement for a profitable harvest.

Ideal Soil Conditions

Arbi performs best in rich, well-drained sandy loam to clay loam soils. The ideal soil pH is between 5.5 and 7.0. The most critical factor is good drainage. While the plant loves water, it cannot tolerate waterlogging around its root zone, which quickly leads to corm rot. Avoid heavy clay soils that crack when dry and become waterlogged when wet, as well as purely sandy soils that cannot retain moisture or nutrients.

Step-by-Step Field Preparation

1. Summer Ploughing: Begin your preparation in the peak heat of May or early June. Give the field one deep ploughing (25-30 cm) with a mouldboard plough. This opens up the soil, exposes dormant pests, weed seeds, and disease pathogens to the harsh sun, and improves the soil’s capacity to absorb the first monsoon rains.
2. Achieving a Fine Tilth: Follow the deep ploughing with two to three cross-wise harrowings or rounds with a cultivator. The goal is to break down large clods and bring the soil to a fine, friable tilth. A well-pulverized seedbed ensures good contact between the cormel and the soil, promoting quick sprouting and root development.
3. The Power of Organic Matter: This is the single most important step for growing Arbi in Rajasthan. At the time of the last harrowing, apply a generous amount of well-decomposed organic manure. The standard recommendation is 10-12 tonnes per acre of Farm Yard Manure (FYM) or high-quality compost. If using poultry manure, the quantity should be halved. This organic matter is not just a source of nutrients; it is a soil conditioner that improves water retention, aeration, and nutrient availability.
4. Creating Ridges and Furrows: Do not plant Colocasia on a flat field, especially in irrigated conditions. Use a ridger to create ridges and furrows across the field. The recommended spacing is 60 cm (2 feet) from the centre of one ridge to the next. Planting will be done on the ridges, and irrigation will be applied in the furrows. This layout achieves several crucial goals:
• It prevents water from directly touching the plant stem and corms, drastically reducing the risk of rot.
• It ensures efficient use of irrigation water.
• It makes intercultural operations like earthing up much easier.
• It provides loose, deep soil for the corms to expand freely.

Your field is now a well-prepared, nutrient-rich, and properly structured environment, ready to receive the planting material.

The Sowing Process: A Step-by-Step Guide

With your field prepared and planting material treated, the next step is sowing. Precision in timing, spacing, and method during this stage will directly influence plant population, uniformity, and the ultimate yield.

1. Timing is Everything

The planting window is determined by your water source and market strategy.

• Kharif (Rainfed/Monsoon) Crop: This is the primary season. Planting should coincide with the onset of the monsoon, typically from the last week of June to mid-July. This allows the crop to utilize natural rainfall during its main growth period.
• Zaid (Irrigated Summer) Crop: If you have reliable irrigation, you can plant in February-March. This allows for an earlier harvest in July-August, often fetching higher prices as it arrives before the main Kharif crop floods the market. However, this requires more intensive water management during the hot pre-monsoon months.

2. Calculating Seed Rate and Spacing

• Seed Rate: The amount of cormels needed depends on their size. For medium-sized cormels (20-30g), you will require approximately 400 to 500 kg per acre. If using larger corms, the rate will increase.
• Spacing: The layout you created (ridges and furrows) dictates the spacing.
• Row-to-Row: 60 cm (the distance between your ridges).
• Plant-to-Plant: 45 cm (the distance between cormels along the ridge).

This spacing provides each plant with adequate space for leaf development and sunlight interception, while allowing for sufficient corm development underground without competition. It translates to a plant population of roughly 14,800 plants per acre.

3. The Planting Method

Follow this procedure for efficient and effective planting:

1. Mark the Spots: On the prepared ridges, mark the planting spots at the recommended 45 cm distance.
2. Open the Hole: At each marked spot, make a small hole about 5-7 cm (2-3 inches) deep.
3. Place the Cormel: Place one pre-sprouted and treated cormel in each hole. Crucially, ensure the sprout is facing upwards. This ensures the quickest and straightest emergence.
4. Apply Basal Fertilizer: If you haven’t mixed it during land preparation, this is the time to apply the basal dose of chemical fertilizers. Place it in the hole near, but not touching, the cormel.
5. Cover and Press: Cover the cormel with soil and press down gently to ensure good contact and remove air pockets.
6. Immediate Light Irrigation: If planting in dry soil (especially for the Zaid crop), provide a light irrigation in the furrows immediately after planting. This settles the soil and provides the necessary moisture for the sprouts to continue growing. Do not flood the field; just wet the furrows.

Nutrient and Water Management: Feeding and Hydrating Your Crop

Colocasia is often called a ‘luxurious consumer’ of nutrients and water. To achieve a high yield of 80-100 quintals per acre, you must provide the crop with what it needs, when it needs it. This is especially true in Rajasthan, where both nutrients and water are precious resources.

A Practical Fertilizer Schedule

A balanced supply of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) is essential. Nitrogen promotes leafy growth, Phosphorus is vital for root and corm development, and Potassium is crucial for starch formation, disease resistance, and overall plant health. Here is a recommended dose for one acre:

• Nitrogen (N): 80 kg
• Phosphorus (P₂O₅): 60 kg
• Potassium (K₂O): 100 kg

This should be applied in split doses for maximum efficiency:

1. Basal Dose (At Planting)

Apply this while preparing the planting holes or incorporate it into the ridges before planting.

• Full dose of Phosphorus: 60 kg P₂O₅ (approx. 375 kg of Single Super Phosphate – SSP)
• Full dose of Potassium: 100 kg K₂O (approx. 167 kg of Muriate of Potash – MOP)
• Half dose of Nitrogen: 40 kg N (approx. 87 kg of Urea)

2. First Top Dressing (35-40 Days After Planting)

This application should coincide with the first earthing up and weeding operation.

• One-quarter dose of Nitrogen: 20 kg N (approx. 44 kg of Urea)

Apply the urea along the sides of the plants, avoiding direct contact with the stem, and then cover it with soil during the earthing up process.

3. Second Top Dressing (60-70 Days After Planting)

This dose fuels the critical corm bulking stage.

• Remaining one-quarter dose of Nitrogen: 20 kg N (approx. 44 kg of Urea)

Apply this dose similarly to the first, followed by the second earthing up.

Smart Irrigation: The Key to Success in Rajasthan

Arbi’s thirst for water is its biggest challenge in our state. Wasteful flood irrigation is not a sustainable option. Smart water management is non-negotiable.

• Drip Irrigation is Highly Recommended: If your budget allows, installing a drip irrigation system is the single best investment you can make for Colocasia. It delivers water directly to the root zone, cutting water consumption by 50-70% compared to flood irrigation. It also prevents the soil surface from crusting, reduces weed growth, and keeps the area around the corms from getting waterlogged, thus minimizing rot. Furthermore, it allows for fertigation—the application of water-soluble fertilizers through the drip system, which is the most efficient way to feed the crop.
• Irrigation Frequency: The schedule depends on the soil type, season, and irrigation method.
• Sprouting & Early Growth: The soil should be kept consistently moist. Irrigate every 4-6 days.
• Vegetative & Corm Development Stage: This is the peak water demand period. Irrigate every 5-7 days in summer, potentially stretching to 8-10 days during the monsoon if there are dry spells. The goal is to avoid any water stress.
• Maturation Stage: As the leaves begin to yellow, gradually reduce the frequency of irrigation.
• Stop Irrigation: Completely stop watering the crop about 2-3 weeks before the planned harvest date. This helps the corms to mature properly, hardens their skin, and makes harvesting easier.

Always check the soil moisture before irrigating. Dig down a few inches near the plant. If the soil feels dry and crumbly, it’s time to water. If it holds its shape when squeezed, you can wait a little longer.

Weeding and Intercultural Operations

A clean field is a productive field. Weeds are aggressive competitors for water, nutrients, and sunlight. In the first 60-75 days of its life, the Colocasia crop is particularly vulnerable. Timely weeding and earthing up are essential operations that directly boost yield.

Effective Weed Control Strategy

Your strategy should combine manual and, if necessary, chemical methods.

• Manual Weeding: At least two, and preferably three, hand weedings are required. The first should be done around 25-30 days after planting. The second should be done about 20-25 days after the first. A clean field in the initial two months allows the Colocasia plants to establish a dense canopy, which then naturally suppresses later-emerging weeds.
• Pre-emergence Herbicide: For farmers with larger holdings where manual labour is a constraint, a pre-emergence herbicide can provide a clean start. Apply Pendimethalin 30% EC (e.g., Stomp) at a rate of 1.0-1.25 litres per acre, mixed in 200-250 litres of water. It must be sprayed on the soil within 3 days of sowing, before the crop or weeds emerge. Ensure there is adequate moisture in the soil for the herbicide to be effective. Always read and follow the product label instructions carefully.

Earthing Up: The Most Important Intercultural Operation

Earthing up is the process of pulling soil from the furrows and mounding it up around the base of the Colocasia plants. This is done twice and is absolutely critical for a good harvest.

• First Earthing Up: This is done 35-40 days after planting, usually combined with the first major hand weeding and the first top dressing of nitrogen fertilizer. The mound of soil provides support to the growing plant.
• Second Earthing Up: This is carried out 60-70 days after planting, after the second top dressing. This time, a larger mound of soil is created.

Why is Earthing Up So Important?

• Encourages Corm Development: It provides loose, friable soil for the corms and cormels to grow and expand without restriction, leading to bigger sizes and higher yields.
• Prevents Corm Greening: It covers the developing corms, protecting them from exposure to sunlight. Sun-exposed corms turn green and develop an acrid taste, making them unmarketable.
• Suppresses Weeds: The process of moving soil buries small, emerging weeds within the plant row.
• Improves Drainage: It reinforces the ridge-and-furrow system, ensuring water drains away from the plant base.
• Anchors the Plant: It provides better support for the large-leaved plants, preventing them from lodging (falling over) in wind or heavy rain.

Do not skip or delay the earthing up operations. They are as crucial as fertilizer and water for maximizing your yield.

Managing Pests and Diseases: Protecting Your Investment

Even a well-nourished crop can be devastated by pests and diseases. Vigilance and timely action are key. In Rajasthan’s climate, certain pests and one major disease pose the biggest threats.

Common Pests of Colocasia

• Aphids and Thrips: These tiny sucking pests often colonize the underside of leaves, sucking the sap and weakening the plant. In severe cases, leaves may curl and look distorted.
• Control: For minor infestations, a spray of neem oil (5 ml per litre of water) with a little soap as an emulsifier is effective. If the infestation is heavy, a systemic insecticide like Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (5 ml per 15 litres of water) can be used.
• Colocasia Hornworm (Tobacco Cutworm, Spodoptera litura): The large green or brown caterpillars of this moth can be very destructive. They feed voraciously on the leaves, capable of defoliating a plant overnight.
• Control: In the early stages, hand-picking the caterpillars and destroying them is the most effective and eco-friendly method. For larger infestations, a spray of a biological pesticide containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is very effective against young larvae. As a last resort, chemical insecticides like Emamectin Benzoate 5% SG can be used.

The Major Disease: Colocasia Leaf Blight

This is, without a doubt, the most serious disease of Colocasia, caused by the fungus Phytophthora colocasiae. It thrives in warm, humid, and rainy conditions—exactly the environment during the monsoon.

• Symptoms: It begins as small, dark, circular, water-soaked spots on the leaves. These spots rapidly enlarge into large, purplish-brown lesions, often with a yellow border. In high humidity, the entire leaf can rot away in a few days, giving the field a blighted or burnt appearance. The disease severely reduces the plant’s photosynthetic ability, directly impacting corm development and yield.
• Management Strategy (Preventive is Best):
1. Resistant Varieties: Start with tolerant varieties like ‘Sree Rashmi’.
2. Sanitation: Use disease-free planting material. Remove and burn the very first infected leaves you see to reduce the fungal inoculum in your field.
3. Proper Spacing: Ensure the recommended 60×45 cm spacing to promote good air circulation, which helps leaves dry faster.
4. Prophylactic Sprays: Prevention is far better than cure. Begin spraying before the disease appears, especially when cloudy, rainy weather is forecast.
• First Spray: Spray with Mancozeb 75% WP (2.5 grams per litre of water) as a preventive measure just before the monsoon intensifies.
• Subsequent Sprays: If the disease appears or if weather conditions are highly favourable for it, alternate sprays with a systemic fungicide. A combination product like Metalaxyl + Mancozeb (e.g., Ridomil Gold) at 2 grams per litre of water is highly effective. Repeat sprays every 10-15 days during the peak disease period. Ensure thorough coverage of the entire leaf surface, especially the undersides.

Other Important Diseases

• Corm Rot: Caused by fungi like Pythium and Sclerotium, this leads to rotting of corms in the field or in storage.
• Control: The best control is prevention through good drainage (using the ridge-furrow system), avoiding over-irrigation, and treating the cormels before planting. If patches of rot appear in the field, drenching the soil around affected plants with a Copper Oxychloride solution (3 grams per litre) can help limit its spread.

Harvesting, Curing, and Yield: Reaping the Rewards

After 5 to 7 months of diligent care, your Colocasia crop will be ready for harvest. Proper harvesting and post-harvest handling are crucial to realize the full economic potential of your efforts and ensure the corms have a long shelf life.

Knowing When to Harvest

Harvesting at the right time maximizes yield and quality. Look for these clear indicators:

• Leaf Senescence: The most reliable sign is when 50% or more of the leaves in the field turn yellow, start to droop, and begin to dry up. This indicates that the plant has stopped its vegetative growth and has diverted all its energy into maturing the corms.
• Crop Duration: Keep track of your planting date. Most improved varieties mature in 170-210 days (about 6-7 months). Early varieties may be ready in 5 months.

Do not harvest prematurely, as corms will be undersized and have poor storage quality. Delaying the harvest too long can lead to corms starting to sprout in the field.

The Harvesting Process

1. Stop Irrigation: As mentioned before, stop all irrigation 2 to 3 weeks before your target harvest date. This allows the soil to dry out, making digging easier and helping the corms to mature and develop a tougher skin.
2. De-topping: A week before digging, cut the foliage at ground level using a sickle. This makes the harvesting operation much cleaner and easier. The leaves can be used for composting.
3. Digging Out the Corms: Harvesting is a labour-intensive process. The clumps of corms (the large mother corm and the smaller daughter cormels) are dug out carefully using a spade or a pick-axe. Take care to dig deep enough and wide enough around the plant base to avoid injuring or bruising the corms, as any damage will lead to rot in storage. On a larger scale, a tractor-drawn potato digger can be used, or the field can be given a light ploughing to expose the corm clumps.
4. Separation and Cleaning: After digging, the clumps are brought to a collection point. The mother corms and daughter cormels are separated. Any adhering soil is gently removed by hand. Do not wash the corms with water at this stage.

Curing and Storage: Preserving Your Harvest

Curing is a vital post-harvest step that heals wounds, reduces moisture, and significantly extends the shelf life of the corms.

• The Curing Process: Spread the cleaned, separated corms in a thin layer in a cool, dry, and shady place with good ventilation (like a verandah or under a large tree) for about 7-10 days. Do not expose them to direct sunlight. During this time, the skin will harden, and any minor cuts or bruises sustained during harvesting will heal over.
• Storage: For short-term storage, cured corms can be kept in heaps in a cool, well-ventilated room. For longer storage (especially for corms saved as seed for the next season), they should be stored in pits or trenches lined with sand or sawdust, or in baskets with plenty of aeration. Regularly inspect the stored corms and remove any that show signs of rot.

Expected Yield and Returns

The yield of Colocasia is a direct reflection of your management practices.

• Well-Managed Irrigated Crop: With an improved variety, balanced nutrition, and smart water management (especially drip irrigation), you can realistically target a yield of 80 to 100 quintals (8-10 tonnes) per acre.
• Rainfed or Poorly Managed Crop: Under purely rainfed conditions or with suboptimal practices, the yield may be much lower, in the range of 40 to 60 quintals per acre.

The profitability depends on the market rate at the time of sale, but given the strong demand, a well-managed crop offers an excellent return on investment.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. Can I grow Arbi in the very sandy soil of western Rajasthan, like in Barmer or Jaisalmer?

It is extremely challenging. The sandy soils in these regions have very poor water and nutrient holding capacity. While technically possible with massive inputs of organic manure (20+ tonnes/acre) and a highly efficient drip irrigation system, the costs and management complexity would be very high. Colocasia is much better suited to the loamy soils found in the eastern and southern parts of Rajasthan where water availability is also better.

2. My Arbi leaves are getting large brown, watery spots and seem to be rotting. What should I do?

This is a classic symptom of Colocasia Leaf Blight, especially during the monsoon. Act immediately. First, cut off and burn all infected leaves to reduce the spread. Second, spray the entire crop thoroughly with a fungicide. A contact fungicide like Mancozeb (2.5g/litre water) is a good start, but if the rain is continuous, a systemic-contact mixture like Metalaxyl+Mancozeb (2g/litre water) is more effective as it gets absorbed by the plant. Ensure good air circulation by not overcrowding plants.

3. Is it more profitable to sell the mother corms or the smaller daughter corms (cormels)?

Both have distinct and valuable markets. The large mother corms are primarily sold for direct culinary use and command a good price in the vegetable market. The smaller, uniform cormels are sold for two purposes: for consumption (as ‘baby arbi’) and, more importantly, as planting material (‘seed’) for the next season. Selling high-quality, disease-free cormels as seed to other farmers can often be more profitable per kilogram than selling the mother corms.

4. Can I save my own corms for next year’s planting?

Absolutely, and it’s a good practice to become self-sufficient. To do this correctly, you must be selective. During harvest, mark the healthiest, most vigorous, and disease-free plants in your field. Save the medium-sized (25-40g) daughter cormels from only these superior plants. Cure them properly as described, and store them in a cool, dry, dark place, layered with dry sand or sawdust to prevent premature sprouting and rot. This ensures you start the next season with your best-adapted, high-quality planting material.

5. Is drip irrigation really necessary for Arbi in Rajasthan?

While not ‘necessary’ if you have unlimited access to canal or tube well water for flood irrigation, it is highly recommended and the smartest choice. Drip irrigation can reduce your water consumption by 50-70%, a massive saving in a water-scarce state. It prevents waterlogging, which is the main cause of corm rot. It also allows for highly efficient ‘fertigation’, spoon-feeding nutrients to the plants and reducing fertilizer waste. The initial investment in a drip system often pays for itself within a few seasons through water savings, fertilizer savings, and higher, better-quality yields.

Your Path to a Successful Harvest

Cultivating Colocasia in Rajasthan is a journey of practical wisdom. It is less about a single secret and more about the consistent, timely application of the right techniques. As we’ve seen, success hinges on a few core principles: enriching your soil with organic matter, choosing the right variety, managing water with intelligence, and staying vigilant against the threat of leaf blight.

For the farmer looking to diversify, Arbi offers a robust and profitable alternative. It fits well into existing cropping patterns and, with diligent management, rewards the effort put into it. Your most powerful tool is observation—watching your soil, your plants, and the weather, and responding with the knowledge you now have.

The actionable takeaway is this: Start with a manageable area. Don’t convert your entire holding to a new crop at once. Dedicate a half-acre or an acre to Colocasia this season. Follow the steps in this guide, particularly focusing on soil health and the ridge-and-furrow system. Master the crop on a small scale, and let your own success and experience guide your expansion. This is the path of phronesis—of knowledge proven in the soil of your own farm.

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